Does Outsourcing by Multinational Companies Cost Jobs?

Does outsourcing by multinational companies cost jobs and lower wages in Europe? Does outsourcing by multinational companies cost jobs and lower wages in Europe? ABSTRACT Outsourcing as a method of trade has been an increasing phenomenon throughout the last decade particularly by multinational companies of developed countries such as Europe to outsource their business operations to developing countries such as India, Bangladesh etc.However, this outsourcing by multinational companies raise a question regarding cost jobs and lower wages in Europe. Moreover, the latest style enduring, and there is a shift also towards additional complicated and high end methods to be outsourced. One of the appearing market areas for multinational companies of Europe is India, which is attracting decisions of outsourcing and some extent becoming a reason of cost jobs and lower wages in Europe.However, it is not justifiable to only say that outsourcing by multinational companies do cost jobs and lower w ages in Europe, therefore it can also state that outsourcing by multinational companies of Europe have some advantages as well, therefore, there is also an explanation of ideas and present check-list for European trades, which are searching for chances to incorporate into markets of India. INTRODUCTION The issues of globalization and the outsourcing of high-skilled jobs are central to the recent innovation policy debate (Farrell, 54-59).Corporate decisions are increasingly being made with little regard to how it affects workers. In multinational companies of Europe outsourcing is not a new practice. However, outsourcing jobs are more or less new to people of Europe. Now days, in political debates it is a hot issues. According to different economist of European Union certain types of benefits to outsourcing by multinational companies and some jobs will be created in Europe by outsourcing.On the other hand, many debates that due to outsourcing many people have lost their jobs and many small businesses have been closed. Overseas market is a place where many European jobs are being sent therefore, outsourcing by multinational companies cost jobs and lower wages in Europe (Farrell, 54-59). Many aspects jobs have been moved to overseas, for example shoe producers, telemarketing jobs, jean manufactures, Software Corporation etc. Many European multinational companies are outsourcing for their future financial system.Through facilitating companies to save expenses, produce as well as possess entry to a great available group of capacity, outsourcing is basically protecting the steadiness of European multinational companies’ financial system through protecting the strength of European industries. Outsourcing has brought benefits to economical sector but on the other hand many employees have lost their jobs due to it. DISCUSSION It is a considerable reality that in the contemporary competitive international business arena there is has been much concentration paid t o international outsourcing and its impacts on various markets in the world.Different contrasting views are there on the issue and this research will attempt to explain different hypes and demonstrate what the truths actually are. People have supported a protectionist manner to outsourcing and forcing corporations to keep jobs in Europe. Profits of business have led great businesses to outsource work to Asian countries and they have been great supporters of outsourcing and the competence it permits them. A large amount of researches are there on the issue of outsourcing and it is complicated to cover all the views surrounding it.This research will define some of views and controversies surrounding outsourcing. The objective of this research is to present an in depth look at outsourcing to Asian countries particularly India which is attractive market for multinational companies of Europe. Especially the research will describe the requirement for European multinational companies outso urcing, outsourcing to developing Asian countries like India and the advantages and dangers such as cost jobs and lower wages in Europe connected with outsourcing. Outsourcing is just contracting out little work that was completed in house to an outside corporation.This permits corporations to concentrate on one part of a difficult aim. The advocates of outsourcing describe that this specialization permits corporations to be additional competent. This method could be applied in different businesses where technology has created manufacturing very complicated. Automobiles and Electronics are two items which have different parts that could be produced in various nations and gathered wherever the corporation decides to. This suppleness permits corporations to manage with the increasing difficulty of present manufactured items. Outsourcing is a main issue in the world which is related to cost jobs and lower wages in Europe, moreover individuals are concerned with the works of white colla r that are being outsourced by European multinational companies to developing nations† (Peter, 2006 pp 77-79). Evolution of Outsourcing Before 10 years people use to imagine video conference in their thoughts. Today everything has been changed, anyone who has Smartphone or even a PC can sit back in sofa and have meeting around the world (Ijioui, et al, 171-176). Through technology vast distance has been shorten and has lots of money on business travelling.Outsourcing is shaped by two factors known as globalization and technology. Through advance technology outsourcing is most common thing for multinational companies of Europe (Contractor, et al, 67-72). Through electronic sending several jobs are performed at one place and reported to another place where it is needed. Many countries economics is affected tremendously through outsourcing. In late 1900s, through technology transportation revolution was driven, and the whole scenario of transporting good from place to place was c hanged. Raw material was transported through steamboats and trains.Due to transportation revolution the whole businesses functions was changed and nations started importing and exporting of goods (Contractor, et al, 67-72). In similar way, today business is changed through the accessibility of high-speed data access and the internet. Now many employees are able to work from home through virtual office for some companies. The only necessary tools for this are telephone and a computer with Internet access. Through same technology now people have opportunities to work for countries (Ijioui, et al, 171-176).Outsourcing is decision of multinational companies of Europe to employ an outside company to manage the computer operations of organization, operations of network, and IT function to a vendor for a particular time. This strategic move is decided by excellent administration when they identify that the managing of these performances through another group will decrease expenses and pric es. The decision to outsource by European multinational companies should focus the important role of knowledge and methods in corporations.If complete roll is to be outsourced, adequate terms must be created between the two companies to deal with the company's needs. Furthermore, focus must be presented to the possible requirement for modern solutions to be presented through the outsourcer, with the timing of these performances. India is the seventh-biggest nation through area of geography and situated in South Asia as well as presently it is considerably attractive by European multinational companies. It is the second most crowded nation in the world, and the biggest democratic country in the world. The financial system of India is the fourth biggest in the world as calculated through purchasing power parity (PPP), with an increasing trend of GDP (Adrian, 2008 pp 321-327)†. India has been increasing at a rate of 8 per cent since Prime Minister Man Mohan Singh took charge in e arly 2004. India has a wealthy and exclusive tradition of culture, and the different sub continental population that has controlled to keep the 5000 years older customs, where as absorbing traditions, ideas and traditions from local people, invaders and migrants.Different practices of culture, monuments, languages and traditions are models of this combination over centuries. Great English speaking middle-class in INDIA has participated to the development in outsourcing. â€Å"It is becoming a main part for European multinational companies for future focused study and improvement, comprising the likes of telecommunication companies, etc† (Adrian, 2008 pp 321-327), all this has supported the sector of services to enhance its portion of the market to about fifty percent. Developing countries like India is ongoing to move ahead with financial modifications of market-focused that started in 1991.Current modifications contain liberalized overseas investment and regimes of exchange, decontrol of industry, and important decrease in charges and other business obstacles, modernization and modification of the fiscal sector, important adjustments in monetary and financial strategies of government, and securing intellectual rights of property. India's Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) is growing at an exponential rate in the last decade. This form of revenue is greatly helping the Indian economy and it will continue in the future. There are many reasons for why India has the ideal situation for outsourcing.First of all, basic salary in India for computer experts is one of the lowest in the entire world. Through having this low basic salary, India attracts different organizations from nations with a stronger dollar. A multinational company of Europe could achieve the similar project completed in India for 1/10th the cost it would cost in Europe. This translates to great income for multinational companies, which creates outsourcing extremely smart to them. Secondly, the cultural differences between India and the Europe are not as great compared to other countries like China.If people look back to over 60 years ago, India was under British rule. Under British rule, learning English was mandatory in all schools across India. Today, English is still mandatory in most schools across India and as a result, the communication gap between India and the European world is much smaller than with countries like China, which also have equally qualified software professionals (Kobitzsch et al, 2001). Additionally, most educated people in India know English. This knowledge of the English language allows for western influence with respect to media such as movies, music and entertainment.This social acclimation decreases the culture gap between India and the Western world as compared to China. Thirdly, as the Gulf of Persia has its resources in oil and South Africa in diamonds, natural resources of India depend in its rich technically expert workforce. India ma kes approximately 75, 500 software experts every year and these figures persist to enhance. Different nations do not have the workforce with the abilities that are required and have no option but to outsource to nations like India. India has had a lot of development in the field of IT.There were about 6,800 staffs in the IT business in 1985-1986 and this figure increased to 522,000 staffs from 2001-2002 (Vincent, 2006 pp 22-24). International human resource management (IHRM) is gradually more being identified as a main determinant of achievement or disappointment in international trade (Michael, 2002 pp 459-471). Features of production like technology, capital, raw materials and knowledge can be simply copied, apart from for the individuals or human resources of the company, which is major source of aggressive benefit for different organizations.Corporations must give close concentration to administration of its human resources in India. Presented the reality that it is mostly a fli ght development and training centre in India, it would produce logic to use a polycentric staffing method, where domestic supervisors – host nation supervisors; are employed to fill main positions in their personal nation. Human resources in India are the compulsory element because the operation, design and administration the other remaining resource of science and technology is a purpose of how excellent individuals do their work.In the area of human resource improvement, which is important and has been getting main concern since the starting of improvement strategies, the nation has added a large number of supporting and encouraging staffs and has been capable to enhance rates of literacy of both women and men, with in the numbers of technology, science and research people. In spite of the enhancement in human resources, the nation has not been capable to successfully employ it due to the immigration of expert people to get works in developed nations. Benefit/Risk AnalysisA nalysis of the benefits and risks of outsourcing customer service to India will entail analyzing customer service skills, appropriateness of online services of consumer support, infrastructure, and trust and security. Customer Service Skills The value of consumer service is extremely imperative to a multinational company of Europe. Consumer experts must be capable to manage a collection of troubles where as reducing irritation of consumer. India has a rich source of extremely aggressive universities and institutions of technology, with a concentration on trouble solving.With this information, they are capable to manage with troubles in an efficient and appropriate approach. India is supposed to be the second biggest country with European that speaks English. Moreover to this, different great extent suppliers of consumer service in India instruct their staffs to speak English without pronunciation. Consumer service presenter 24/7 Customer. com in India presents staffs this knowledge in a two week course (Michael, 2002 pp 459-471). They also give training to identify the culture of Europe.Although offshore outsourcers provide these types of training, some specialists believe that the European customer support specialists have a distinct inherent cultural benefit and the capability to become accustomed to alter more rapidly. As a result, they are able to more frequently relate to the customer, and provide empathy towards his or her needs (Bharat, 2007 pp 77-79). Appropriateness of Online Customer Support Services The appropriateness of online services of consumer support is extremely important since the customers understand technological capabilities and have higher expectations.Currently, Jupiter Research has found that a little more than 50% of e-mails could be answered within a day (Ashlyn, 2005 pp 69-73). Research done by the same research group stated that outsourcing customer services to India is recommended for companies seeking to a response time of less than six hours. In addition to timely service, all customer support suppliers offer twenty-four hours of service, seven days a week. Outsourcing is becoming a heavy cost reducing system these days in order to endure with the tough periods in the financial system.With outsourcing requirements, it permits the organization to emphasize on entire services and products. It also permits the outsourcers to keep durable connections with their consumers. India has become one of the most positive places for outsourcing. The major motives for this comprise cost efficacy, plenty of ability and timeliness of online services of consumer support. Additionally, India has excellent rate of literacy in English in the educated people contrasted to other nations. Dangers are concerned there when outsourcing to India.Different features observed at were infrastructure, protection and trust. Every organization should do their individual researches to decide if outsourcing will advantage their organization , but additional so their consumers. Possible Risks of Outsourcing * Outsourcing with a vendor can also cut down the work rate of the employees * The comfort level that the employees once had in the work place can decrease * When the vendors are not going by the contract and getting the computers fixed in a timely manner, the forced labour will be put onto the IT team to get the job done. Also the laid off process will increase that means more people without jobs. The ones that will be laid off are usual the ones that have the experience to do the job right, the first time. Risk mitigation strategy If the company is going to go with vendors the best policy is to make sure there are no loop holes and that the risk manager stays in control of any changes that may or may not happen. By doing this is to discuss and keep the communication line open. The contract is the source of everything that has to do with the vendor and company policy.By reading over the contract and making sure that the company’s lawyers also look over it is the key to stopping the loop holes before they happen. Another method is to install trouble ticket software to monitor any changes to the system and to prevent any downtime when trying to tackle all those trouble tickets. Venders to provide network support Here are a few examples of the different support that can be provided from a vender when dealing with networks; * patches, * firewalls, * routers, * switches, * Intrusion detection system and * Intrusion prevention system.Here is a risk example that can be involved when letting an outside vendor support the network within the company; * The risk that someone that is not working for the company and that will have the access to the network through the admin login can have direct access to all the data in that network of systems. Also that you cannot ask any questions about their risk assessment methods. This can be a major risk that can cost the company a fortune if the vendor is no t chosen the right way. Risk mitigation strategy If the company would install a service for the network security like for an example is DELL’s IPS iSensor.This can load the company up with a security bundle that will protect the network as a whole. â€Å"The Intrusion Prevention Service is designed to not only provide technology, but also supply the expertise and processes you need to actively protect your organization — at a fraction of the cost of doing it yourself. The Intrusion Prevention Service is a comprehensive solution that includes all components needed to provide exceptional protection against cyber-attacks, including: * Dell SecureWorks iSensor IPS appliance and deployment * Online security and compliance portal Expert administration, tuning and maintenance * 24Ãâ€"7 expert monitoring and response * On-call certified security experts This solution is a turnkey service bundle to help organizations gain 24Ãâ€"7 security and satisfy compliance requirementsà ¢â‚¬  (DELL, 2011). Advantages of Outsourcing With lower staff cost, save money: this turns out to be most attractive and beneficial reason for outsourcing. For example, in Europe typical graphic designer have a salary around â‚ ¬6,250 per month, but if this job is outsourced then company can hired a senior overseas graphic designers for â‚ ¬ 2500, which will save â‚ ¬3750 per month.So now one can estimate that how much saving will be done yearly (Contractor, et al, 67-72). No extra cost on employment: for traditional onshore employments there are usually extra costs involved but there are no extra costs for outsource staff. In many countries including Europe many employers have to pay some extra percentage to employees for superannuation, when they lease staff. But in outsource it is employers pay nothings to their overseas employees. Through this many employers save these amounts.No need of extra equipment and office space: through outsourcing different employers have la vishing offices without increased staff. As their staff is busy in doing their work overseas and customers who walk in these office have good impression about the company. In this way employers save a lot of money on equipment and office space (Contractor, et al, 67-72). There are no extra electricity bills that employers have to pay. Some of the other advantages of outsourcing are: * Outsource employees are assemble much faster as there is already people with skills and there is no need of long interviews and it save lot of time. Employers can focus more on core business process by outsourcing all no-core activities. * Business operations can be streamlined through outsourcing. * Through outsourcing employers can encounter an improved power of their business. * Capital expenditures can be saved by the organization through outsourcing. * By outsourcing organizations get more profits and this end up in creating higher jobs in homeland. * Through outsourcing companies save a lot of mo ney, through which can develop more products. Disadvantages of OutsourcingDelivery Problems: in outsourcing the first problem occurs is delivery consistency, most companies experience delivery problems due to a lot of reasons. Delivery overseas on time is usually affected due to material storage, weather problems, manufacturing delay etc. therefore customers are upset and companies have to invest extra on additional stock in order to compensate their customers (Neelankavil and Rai, 221-226). These extra stocks cost the saving money of the companies. Quality issues: usually the samples which companies receive overseas are of good quality.But when it comes to stock poor quality is witness by the companies on their order to different products. Due to outsourcing many companies’ hires poorly paid employees and they don’t seem to have knowledge regarding products. Due to this many organization fails to satisfy their customer overseas and end up in losing them (Neelankavil a nd Rai, 221-226). Jeopardy of revealing private information: outsourcing involves risk of revealing private information about company such as payroll, Human Resources and employment services to captive unit in other country. CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONIn conclusion, it can say that outsourcing by multinational companies cost jobs and lower wages in Europe, but there is another aspect as well that is favourable. Therefore recommendation is here to use the outsourcing in appropriate manner. Many multinational companies and European businesses layoff their employees or have been closed due to outsourcing by them. Many jobs have been taken away from European employees and major sector which was highly affected by outsourcing is Information Technology. Due to outsourcing many college students of Europe has decreased in majors of engineering & computers.These college students step back from majors in these subjects as they are afraid that after completing their education they would victi m of cost jobs and lower wages in Europe and they believe that they would not be able to find jobs in respective fields due to sourcing. Outsourcing is no doubt beneficial for companies but what about the talent and skill people living in the country? Multinational companies of Europe should come out with a proper strategic plan in order to save the future of upcoming youth along with other talent people of world.Multinational companies of Europe should outsource limited job and keep rest for European people. As this was the country who gave these companies ground to start and flourish their businesses, so first right goes to citizens of Europe. The objective of every business is to build a profit and grow and it should base for both i. e. company and people of the country. If outsourcing in Europe keep on growing rapidly as the way it is now a days by multinational companies, then future not far away when people will drop out from schools due to lower wages within Europe.It’ s high time for European government and successful multinational companies to understand that skillful and youth people of the Europe is losing hope in successful future and facing threat of cost jobs and lower wages in Europe. Europe’s multinational companies that use outsourcing correctly can take advantage of its benefits and return higher profits, meaning higher retained earnings. These earnings can then be pumped into other parts of the business for improvement, innovation and expansion. Expansion thus creates more jobs and a better national economy. 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Europe’s Regions Demand `Power-Sharing` over GMO Crop Decision Essay

One of the issues being faced by the food and health authorities not only in Europe but worldwide is related to Genetically Modified Organisms or GMOs.   The discovery of Genetically Modified Organisms has created enough waves not only in the scientific but also in the trade and social dynamics in the present era.   It had been the subject of social and scientific studies to determine both the benefits and the possible harm that it can brought about to the consumers. Primarily, the benefits that GMOs offer has enlighten the scientific world due to the fact that it involves the utilization of the genetic processes that were scientifically established.   It involves manipulative changes in the genetic make-up of an organism. These modifications or alterations in the systems of most crops and also animals enhance their ability to better survive in most environments.   Some of the genetically modified products are medicines, vaccines, foods and crops.   The main focus of the study is in relation to the GMOs in crop production and the benefits and disadvantages that it can brought about to the society and the surroundings as a whole (US Department of Energy Office of Science, 2004). In terms of the crops and crop production, GMOs have proposed benefits such as in relation to the palatability of the product.   Based on the study it improves the flavour of the food when eaten.   Another is in terms of the time of harvest GMOs can shorten the turn about time of the cycle of growth.     Thus, the profit generated from the production can be achieved at a shorter period of time which is beneficial to the farmers and the agricultural sector.   The GMOs are also can withstand ailments through their development. This can be equated to higher yield in farming which is also a positive effect to agriculture.   Aside from the abilities of the crops to grow in hard conditions it also lead to the development of new farming practices and methods (US Department of Energy Office of Science, 2004).   With regards to the social attributes the production of GMOs aims to alleviate the shortage in the food supplies and to fill in the market for the sources of products in the trade industries.   This can also mean that the scarcity in terms of the sources of nourishment can be eliminated.   Solutions to this problem can help a larger part of the society. In as much as it can offer these benefits, issues on GMOs arise.   This includes issues regarding different facets of the society, in relation to safety and health of the people, the basis of eligibility of use, the moral and the social aspects.   With regards to any technology introduced in the market, the primary issue reiterated is the security of the consumer in using such product.   Doubts regarding the possible effects of these products when taken in by the population were the major concern. Health hazards are being considered, thus, studies regarding this field are being conducted to established knowledge that can protect the public.   The possible effects in the environment are one of the concerns with regards to the production of these GM crops.   When these crops are grown and reproduced, the succeeding generations of these crops will then have the same altered genetic makeup.   In this case the ecological dynamics of the environmental system will be altered and the possible effects to other organisms will still have to be studied (US Department of Energy Office of Science, 2004; Atherton, 2002).   Having dim and unknown areas in the feasibility of use gives doubt to groups in the society. Due to the fact that the advent of the GMO crops is one of the scientific technologies of our time, questions in the production and use of these products are included in the major concerns of the population.   Like any other technology that is present in the society, it is mainly the industrialised and developed nations with the capability to for the purchase and even production of these GMO crops can use the technology, thus, leaving the developing countries lagging behind in the production of such products with high potential of manipulating the market and trade in particular. The possible effects again include the increased need for these countries for support from the established nation.   One of the supports that can be given by these developed nations is providing the most needed jobs which can be production.   This happens in most cases that the developing countries are the main site of production of large companies in the developed countries.   This causes harm to the resources of the developing nation due to the fact that they serve as the location of manufacture, thus, also wastes (US Department of Energy Office of Science, 2004). The issues related to ethics are another important aspect that is being affected by the production of GMO crops.   This is mainly involved in the interference in the natural conditions of the organism, specifically the crops.   In this case, the natural potential of the crops are not preserved.   This process of altering the genetic makeup of the organisms is beneficial in some aspects, but it is important to consider that the organisms are made with the balance of the positive and the negative traits. In this view, without the balance there would also be changes in the environment.   One issue which is related also caused these changes in the ecosystems is the fact that in most countries that propagate these GMO crops does not promulgate rules with regards to separating the GMO crops with the normal crops.   In this case the transfer of genes by reproduction is not regulated creating a different breed with unknown effects and that can out grow the ordinary crops (US Department of Energy Office of Science, 2004). Due to the fact that the production of GMO crops can propagate profits because of higher yield, the developed nations have increased interest in this technology.   In relation to the increasing effect of GMOs in the society, different advocacies arise with regards to the position that this technology and its potentials.   Most of the organisations move for the equal chances of the GMOs and quality agricultural products in the market.   This most specifically occurs in the European region. They demanded for the right to take part in the resolution of problems and issues in relation to the production and distribution of the GMO product specifically crops.   Due to the fact that GMOs are capable of mass production because of the benefits that was discussed earlier, they have more power in the market as compared to the traditional and natural crops that are produced.   There had been an increasing distribution of GMOs due to the promotion conducted by developed countries but most European countries on the other hand are promoting GMO-free regions. The organisations that are actively moving for the solutions of issues regarding GMOs are the Assembly of European Regions and Friends of the Earth Europe.   Their movement is on the basis of the realized need of the European nation to have equal chances and competition with the GMOs.   This is in relation to the fair competition between genetically modified crops, conventional crops and products of organic farming.   Even other countries are posing for the termination of distribution of GMOs in their respective nations. The main objective of these organizations includes the protection of the environments and every components of the ecosystem.   The in-depth study of the possible effects of the technologies introduced in the public is another concern of these groups.   Upon the study of these effects, the safety of the population and the ways of maintaining security is another.   Objectives of these groups also include the continuous promotion and propagation of the traditional non-GMO crops.   This ensures that the trade of the European products with less competition from the GMOs will propagate.   The production of the genetically modified crops also affected the economy and the market dynamics in Europe, thus, one aim of these advocacies is to prevent any detrimental effect of these products to the progress on the country’s farming industries that receive the hardest blow.    Also, through the participation of the countries in the European region, the organization aim for counteracting the effects of pollution such as pesticides by having the responsible groups to pay for the damage incurred and even the possible profits for the harvest of the crops grown in the conventional way.   The freedom to decide the target market of the crops produced is another aim of the advocacy of these groups.   With this includes the decision making process in the methods to be applied in the propagation of the traditional crops.   This process includes the freedom to deter the growing and farming of GMO crops. And lastly is the determination and safeguarding of sources of crops that are grown.   The seeds that are distributed be identified to be able to separate the GMO and the non-GMO crops.   These objectives deem to lessen if not fully eliminate the propagation of the GMO crops in the market (Friends of the Earth Europe, 2005).   Also, the creation of a unified system is to be able to give reactions to the issues being faced by the European nations.   Having representation for every nation and country in the European nation will enable a faster communication and consensus regarding matters related to the safety, quality of products distributed to the population and the effects in the national economy and that for the whole region. Based on the objectives of the movement the movements that advocate the termination of GMO crop production, there has been a case filed in the WTO regarding issues on GMO.   This is on the bases of the following notions.   First is the request for the increase in the capacity of the consumers to decide on the products that would be purchased.   In relation to this, it is important that the variety of products is available in the market.   In cases wherein the GMO crops have higher yield, it can be related to a higher availability in the market.   This shows an increase responsibility that is given to the consumers to decide on their own. Another notion is the establishment of a main body and authority that can regulate the dynamics that is related to the production and propagation of GMO crops in the market.   In this case, the aside from the responsibility given to the population to decide on their own, there is a standard organization that can show the way to the public and help them in the establishment of the choices that they are making regarding the products, specifically the food supply (Sem, & Andersen, 2003).   It has been viewed that the assault that the US addressed to the EU is on the basis of taking the side of science or the technological view with regards to control in the decision making process on issues relating to GMO crops (Toke, 2004). The trend in the society with regards to the introduction of technologies is based mainly in the scientific field.   In this matter, it can be supposed that scientific decision making process has a great influence in the dynamics of the market processes.   In this matter, a great control of the factors that affect the society can be attributed to science.   This has certain disadvantages because the process in science is mainly based on knowledge that is continuously developing, thus, greater and comprehensive study must be conducted in the introduction of new discoveries in the population, such as GMO crops.   This on the basis, that these products affect every aspect of the society and human being (Lafond, 2001). The decision making process in relation to the scientific technologies such as the production of GMOs can be included in the trend that is occurring in the society with regards to the shifting of the problems in the science being related to politics.   This is exhibited by the need for in organization of the sectors involved in the issues on GMOs.   The position being played by science in the issues of GM crops is in relation to the shifting of the importance of science to the influence in political issues in the society.   The nations in the European nations are seeking to be included in the decision making process regarding GMOs. This can be related to the notion that the dispersion of these products is being conducted by powerful factions and organizations in the society, thus, they seek to have a more democratic decision making process wherein they can participate.   They view on the need for the deregulation of the power of science to introduce technologies on the basis of the possible danger that it can brought about to the population. On the other hand, an opposing notion fights for the position of science as an authority in projects that can benefit the people.   Some on the other hand view, that there cannot be a demarcation that can set the issues straight on the basis of just pro and against the GMO technology.   As any other technology applied and being used by the population, it involves a complex interplay of the different factors such as the effects in the society, in governance, in the trade and commercial aspects and most importantly in the cultural aspects that defined the norm of the people (Toke, 2004). In issues such as this which involves the feasibility of a technological discovery for use by the general population, it is important to consider every possible effect on all aspects of the society.   This is due to the fact that once the knowledge such as the cultivation and proliferation of GMO crops in the society.   There is no turning back.   It can alter every aspect that includes every the genetic composition of the every organism and even human. Based on comparative study on the propagation of the GMO technology in the US and EU it was determined that there are certain factors that affect the differences in the decisions regarding the issue.   One reason is the differences in the view of the two regions regarding the issue.   The US policies are basically more on the promotion of the technological advances in their region while on the other hand the EU deemed that the outlook of the cooperating nations, sectors and population is important with regards to the standardization and use of such technologies.   Another factor is the differences in the impact of the environmental effects to these two regions. The environmental issues of any introduced technology have greater effects to the leaders of the EU as compared to US.   Another important factor is the occurrence of the crisis of BSE that lead to the establishment of the European Food Authority.   With this occurrence, the European region had been determined to prevent another occurrence of a major crisis that will affect the health of the population (Lafond 2001).   Another factor that can be attributed to the non-GMO propagation in the European region is the importance that is being given to the quality of the crops that are being produced in the market.   This is based on cultural aspects of the people and the norms that are set in the region (Toke, 2004). In the move to have a fair consideration with regards to the matters concerning the GMO crops, the Council of the European Communities advices two scenarios.   It is either the termination of the propagation of the GMO crops or their purposeful distribution in the surroundings.   The dispersal of the GMO crops is conducted to be the basis of the research process that will follow. The results of the study will serve as the basis for the decisions regarding GMOs.   This is the case although is divergence in the objectives of the different sectors of the society (Szczepanik, 1993).   This is only one of the possible ways of participating in the decision process regarding the issues in the society specifically that related to the food industry which can greatly affect the health of the population. With regards to any issues in the society, it is an important consideration that there exists an organization that will serve as an authority in the decision making process related to the application of any technology in the society.   Although this is the case, the representation of the different sectors of the society is essential to be able to give the possible effects in relation to their respective regions. The consensus of the member nations is important in such an organization.   The establishment of this organization needs the cooperation of the nations in the European region.   Based on the cases studied though, these region works for a GMO-free nation, thus, the movement that is needed to be made is regarding data gathering that can support the notion that was chosen. The consciousness of the society and the leaders of every nation that belongs in the European Union is important in the establishment and decision making not only in issues regarding the genetically modified organisms but also in other issues that can arise that may endanger the safety of the public and the nature as well.   Thus, cooperation is detrimental in the process. References Atherton, K. (2002) Genetically modified crops  : Assessing safety.   London  : Taylor & Francis. Friends of the Earth Europe (2006) The genetic contamination organic agriculture in Europe.   Biotech Mailout. Friends of the Earth Europe (2005) Safeguarding sustainable European agriculture. Assembly of European Regions.   Available from  : [Accessed 15 June 2006] Lafond, F.   (2001) The creation of European Food Authority  : Institutional implications of risk regulation.   European Issues, 10. Lafond, F.   (2005) Towards a European bioethics policy? Institutional structuring and political responses.   Health governance in Europe: Issues, challenges and theories.   London, Routledge, 2005 Sem, SW & Andersen, L. (2003) Concerting US’ WTO case against the EU moratorium on GMO.   The US Embassy in Norway  : Norwegian Foreign Affairs.   Available online from  : [Accessed 15 June 2006] Stenzel, P. (2002) Why and how the World Trade Organization must promote environmental protection.   Duke University, School of Law  : Gale Group. Szczepanik, V. (1993) Regulation of biotechnology in the European community.   Law and Policy in International Business, 24 (2), p. 617-646. Toke, D.   (2004) The Politics of GM food  : A comparative study of the UK, USA and EU.   New York  : Routledge. US Department of Energy Office of Science (2004) Genetically modified foods and organisms [online].   USA  : US Department of Energy.   Available from  : [Accessed 15 June 2006]   

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Strategic management - Essay Example This paper focuses upon the strategic planning as an analytical process for organizing the present on the basis of desired future projection. So, it is a transparent road map which is used to lead an organization from its current position to the near future i.e. in next five or ten years where it would like to be. It is very necessary for all division in an organization to have their own strategic plan. There are some important characteristics in a strategic pan. It should be simple to be understandable for the persons or employees who will implement this. It needs to be clearly written based on the current actual situation of an organization. A strategic plan should have enough time allowed for settling down the objectives and adopting new strategies. It should not be rushed to implement a strategic plan. The main purpose of strategic planning is to structure the long term goal of an organization to assist the associates involved with the organization in developing priorities and ef fective serve for sustainable outcomes. The plan must be practical as well as flexible so that it can be used as effective guide for implementing programs. Evaluating the outcomes and making necessary adjustments in the process. Another of purpose of strategic planning is to improve probable chances of desirable and possible outcomes. There are important values of planning which integrate the performance of an organization. It helps to prepare the contingencies which can prevent an organization from unable of attaining goals.... There are important values of planning which integrate the performance of an organization. It helps to prepare the contingencies which can prevent an organization from unable of attaining goals. Planning enables an organization to develop a framework for estimated growth and progress. An effective strategic plan influence the organization to adopt an efficient strategy for proper allocation of resources in particular manner will allow enable it to achieve its goal (Thorton, 1986, p.5). B. Overview of the strategic planning process An organization is benefited by strategic planning to have an effective focus on attention and resources in the away to goal. The strategies help the organization for progress and growth by successful implementation in the macroeconomic level i.e. in the volatile global and national business environment. An organization can develop effective budget, gain efficient collaboration and cooperation inside and outside the industry of the organization. It helps th e organization to focus on the important work for a particular timeline. Another function of planning process is that the processes develop a framework of estimation of work need to be done with respect to deadline i.e. what need to be done and when. By this process the leader of a division can track the process so that he can monitor the growth of the process and take essential actions related to the strategies as well as activities in the programs. The macroeconomic business environment fluctuates all the time, even a smallest changes in the micro level i.e. in the industry where the company belongs, can ruin a best strategic plan. If a continuous monitoring is done in the strategic planning process, it will help the leader as well as the organization to evaluate the progress rate

Digital revolutions (3) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Digital revolutions (3) - Essay Example oss border, multi cultural, diverse business engagements where the products and services are delivered based on the cultural constraints and cultural specialties. The world’s leading brands in the form of B.M.W, Coca-Cola, Nokia and many more are operating based on this concept that are focused around the cultural and geographical characteristics of a given locality and local market. The digital revolutions have brought about a total change with regard to the relationship between the two ends. The relationship is now much speedier, accurately, customer centric with increased benefits and productivity at both ends. The means so adopted are different. The physical undertaking of visits to the outlets, the company shops are no more the trends, rather online shopping, online orders, online visit of the websites and online interaction in various means serves the overall relationship and purpose between the two stakeholders of business engagements. As a result of the digital revolution, the new means of communication are adopted. These include the ordinary digital communication to the video calls to online shopping offers, online services and app stores to many more similar features. Between the business partners, the usage of video conferencing is another added feature which has come about in the form of virtual engagements, meetings and business partnerships that have virtually removed the reliance upon physically undertaken tours, trips and meetings that would otherwise cost for physical participations as well as the time spending on different tours and trips. E commerce defines activities and engagements in business processes that are performed over the digital medium. Predominately the electronic interchange and exchange of business. These may include the use of credit cards in the simplest terms to the other electronic transactions, online bookings, online purchases, online interaction, visiting the websites, visiting the online stores and the engagements may

Working with Leading People for a Business to Be Successful Essay

Working with Leading People for a Business to Be Successful - Essay Example For instance, many giants succumb to poor management hence losing their client base and impact in a market. Therefore, the recruitment process is very delicate, as it becomes a company’s navigating factor and foundation. In essence, improvement on the standard level of Delicious food entails the application of various influential factors. Majorly, effectiveness and competency in the selection process are inevitable, as the overall task requires utmost sobriety. In addition, the process needs to be vigorous with every shortlisted candidate aiming to outdo the other for them to get the managerial position advertised. Primarily, the experience possessed by these candidates will not be very substantial during the selection procedure. The most suitable candidates will be those with high prospects of bringing fresh and innovative ideas on the expansion of Delicious Food’s market presence will be high. The objective of this paper shall be to state the selection process by givi ng all that is required in order for the company to achieve its ultimate objective. Steps in the selection process Recruitment a) Job advertisement: Do you possess what it takes to be a team player? Are you the result-oriented kind of leader? Then Delicious Food Company is looking to collaborate with you to venture in to wider markets. If you have these attributes kindly, send your application and resume to our recruitment desk for your chance to be part of this great process. Remember you need to stand out for us to notice that you have what it takes us to bring you aboard our stable. b) Question segment: i. Describe yourself in a way that another person would view you. ii. Kindly discuss a situation in relation to your previous job responsibility as to how you were a team player and not a boss. iii. Do you have any firsthand experience in the development and oversight of new projects? iv. How would you adapt to changes in the event that they occur and how will you spearhead your t eam in to smooth adaptation of the change? v. How would you handle a member of staff whose output adds little value to the company? In line with Delicious Food Company’s mission of rolling out new branches countrywide, the managers will have to prove to the recruiting body that they are capable of building a project from scratch then nurture it to maturity. The task will be enormous, as it will entail them to begin a branch and ensure that it realizes profit. In essence, each will have to give a detailed plan of the steps that they intend to follow ensure that their individual branches realize profit. Therefore, for the recruitment department, it will be more on innovativeness rather than value addition. Competition among the shortlisted individuals will assist the department in identifying those who are most viable and able to perform. Ideally, effectiveness of the process will rely on giving each candidate the opportunity to exhibit his or her full potential hence making it a credible process. Legally, it would be risky to enroll the services of individuals without conducting intense background checks. Subsequently, the Human Resource department will scrutinize whether these candidates have acted out any form of fraud or whether they are on the police’s list of the most wanted. Essentially, doing this check will save Delicious Food Company from being in any legal suit. In addition, the shortlisted individuals should point out what their intended pay will be to avoid any legal confrontations once in office. Ethically, the moral aspects set by society have to come into play by carefully factoring the candidates’ states and conditions. Emphasis should be on avoiding any form of discrimination during the process as it may attract unintended lawsuits. Arguably, the

Strategic Marketing - Jot Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategic Marketing - Jot Company - Case Study Example The number of toy companies that are in existence currently has meant that organizations have had to be creative in the way they approach this objective of expansion and one of the main activities that are involved in this agenda is marketing (Laermer & Simmons, 2007). Strategic marketing is an important part of the expansion plans of a company and requires conducting research and studies on the various issues that are affecting the company in relation to its activities and the nature of the industry (Kerin, 2012). This has to do with elements such as the direction that the industry is taking with regard to the current trends, the set up of connections and the established procedures that have taken over the last few years. By studying all these issues, a company is able to develop the most appropriate approach they can use in the achievement of their aim of growth of sales. Political Trends The political realm of the country has always been an influential factor in the operations of industries and the various companies involved. This means that their contributions in terms of their opinions and related policies that emerge from them have to be considered when a company is setting up its own policies and regulations that they will abide by (Kerin, 2012). One of the issues that can be highlighted in this area is the political landscape of the country because of the recent elections that have taken place. Elections often means the emergence of new individuals into the political arena and this usually comes with a change in the manner that factors such as the domestic and foreign markets are approached (Goldstein & Lee, 2005). This change will have an effect on the companies that are involved in these various markets and thus it is essential that an organization keep track of the happenings that take place during this period of time. The recent elections can be said to have affected the domestic and foreign markets in terms of a switch in concentration of the areas that are to be focused on (Kerin, 2012). The recent downturn in the economy has been a matter that the government has been trying to deal with and as a result many elected officials have focused on rejuvenating the domestic economy through the provision of new jobs and issuing of policies that assist in encouraging this. This has resulted in the officials urging companies to retain the various services and other job openings they are involved with within the country. In the case of Jot this has to do with the outsourcing of the manufacturing of their toys in a bid to create more employment opportunities

To Dare & To Conquer Special Operations and the Destiny of Nations, Essay

To Dare & To Conquer Special Operations and the Destiny of Nations, from Achilles to Al Qaeda - Essay Example 124). The third part covers the American Revolution during the firs World war. It touches a bit on the French revolution, though it is American centric. The last part covers the post-first world war period through the present and the future.. Derek Leebaert, reveals the stories of the Special Forces, including those who were valued in the ancient myths and today's Delta Force. He describes the magnetic leaders behind the historical actions, and explains how such combinations have contributed in shaping the world. The book shows how risk operations have evolved in order to accommodate new technology and social change. Special operations grew out from the Second World War, and expanded during the savage wars after 1945 (Leebaert 2007, p. 201). The emergence of warfare at the last stages of the cold war resulted in to special operation throughout the world. The government seeks to meet more and new challenges in cost-effective and sparing ways of the sentimentality that passes for integrity in the period of 24-hour media.To Dare and to Conquer offers an impressive thesis: that special operations have continuously changed the course of human events. As a mode of testing, Leebaert puts the reader on a captivating tour of west ern military history; from siege of troy to the invasion of Iraq (Leebaert 2007, p. 301). The ambitious book not only uncovers the military history, but also shows the diplomatic, technical, political and cultural tide of events. Moreover, it introduces Alexander the Great and Roman emperor. It also shows American Revolution, Napoleon Bonaparte, civil war and World War II. This is where Leebaert describes the special operations. He claims that Alexander was the conqueror of Egypt, Persia and other known parts of the world, encamped with his soldiers in the known countryside on border between Afghanistan and Pakistan (Leebaert 2007, p. 254). Alexander was dealt as a loosing person but he later turned to be victorious since he created a 300-man Special Forces team which was equipped with iron tent pegs which were used in place of pistons, as pistons had not been invented by then. Lee baert also explains about the British Navy captain, Sidney Smith, who was commanded to remove the French from Egypt after being conquered by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1798. He recruited a thousand Balkan mercenaries and took them to Levant to strengthen the fortress at Acre. In addition to that, he captured the fundamental French siege guns and thereafter halted the Napoleon's advance. According to the book, Bonaparte claimed that he could have changed the fate of the world if he could get the chance of reaching the Constantinople of India. Leebaert cites some special operations that later turned to a battle, took down a dynasty, wrecked a port and changed history. The question that this book raises is "how can any difficult military mission succeed without special operations" According to (Leebaert, ), the examples of special operations include familiar historical events such as Mexican cortez's conquest and Peru pizarro's takeover (Leebaert 2007, p 3224). He also considered the organizational questions and deals with the issues that have continually afflicted special operation efforts of U.S.: the issues concerning sufficient intelligence for protecting the operations. The book raises some questions like: what actually was achieved by U.S. special

Storge device of computer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Storge device of computer - Essay Example It can hold or store information both permanently and temporarily, and can be external or internal to a computer or any similar computing medium. The computer is a multipurpose electronic device and as such has many kinds of data storage devices. Broadly, some of these devices may be classified as the removable data Storage Devices while others as the non- removable data Storage Devices. There two classes of computer storage devices; one is the primary storage devices, and the other one is the secondary storage devices. The primary memory is the volatile memory while the secondary memory is the non -volatile memory. The volatile memory is the type of the memory that is easily erasable and the non -volatile memory is the type where the contents may be erased. Primary storage also referred to as internal memory or main memory, is the only memory directly accessible to the CPU. The CPU thus a reads instruction stored there and performs them as required. All data actively operated on is likewise stored there in a uniform manner. Primary computer storage devices are smaller in size, are internal to the computer and are developed to hold data temporarily. Primary computer storage devices have the fastest data access speed. Examples in this class of primary computer storage devices include random-access memory (RAM) and cache memory. Random-access memory (RAM) for instance are small in size but quite expensive. Secondary storage can also be known as auxiliary storage or external memory, differs from primary storage in that it is never directly accessible by the CPU. These usually have large storage capacity, and they store data permanently. They can both external or internal to the computer. The computer often uses its output/ input channels to access secondary computer storage devices and channel the desired data using intermediate region in

Business plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Business plan - Essay Example The business in question has narrowed down the cultural context of its target audience, the focus is more defined and the growth span may be shorter. The company will utilize the increased number of public relation practitioners that are young, eager, and unemployed to come up with innovative techniques for market outreach. We will also incorporate affordable modern dà ©cor in the accommodation premises to better fit the primary demographic that we target. The main challenges are high capital costs and marketing costs because the target population is sparsely located. However, the greater challenge is ensuring that the brand is recognized in order to establish goodwill. The challenge will be tackled by ensuring that with each client’s optimum satisfaction is met and that we work directly with the university administration to ensure there is optimum faith with existing and potential clients.Target MarketStatistics have illustrated that in the last year, the number of internati onal students in the U.S.A. has risen to 886,054 (Pinson, 2005). Of this statistic, the larger percentage is of Asian descent. This gives the company a bearing of the type of accommodation that most clients are looking for because notably, Asian preference in lifestyle choices inclines with their culture. The services include provision of airport pick up to their destinations, commuting services to new clients for a certain period and assistance with opening a new bank account as well as SIM cards.  

CRJS355(5) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CRJS355(5) - Research Paper Example Seizure of property in plain view should involve no invasion of privacy and be presumptively reasonable (Hemmens & Gerherd, 2010 ). Plain sight discovery are always common during contacts made by somebody to the officers, detentions, and traffic stops. Even though most of the evidence acquired in this manner may be accepted in court, sometimes part of them may be suppressed. The logic rule of evidence states that ‘what a person knowingly exposes to the public, even at his home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection’ as supported by Hemmens and Gerherd 2010. Evidence obtained is always not just useful because an officer of law has seen it. The fact that matters is whether he attained it lawfully so that the prosecutor can use it in court. For the investigator to legally invoke plain sight seizure he must consider if he had made a lawful discovery of the evidence. He must have had the legal right of being in the location from which they initially saw, s melled, or felled the evidence. Investigators upon discovering evidence, they must have a probable cause to believe that the evidence is indeed criminal evidence. Plain view discovery is not always us simple us such, especially when the evidence are to be used in the court of law. Investigators are not allowed to obtain evidence in a place where the suspect reasonably expected privacy. They must have the legal right to enter the place. The exclusionary rule was developed by the courts to deter the federal and the government from violating the right of unreasonable searches and seizures. Evidences observation in plain view is not a search, and it is also settled that evidences obtained in the course of unlawful search or seizure is not plain view evidence. Therefore the Supreme Court regarded the fourth amendment exclusionary rule as a remedy required by the constitution principle, courts have decided to use deliberate and culpable test to determine whether to admit evidence obtained as a result of seizure which is unconditional as a result of an officer’s error. Evidences that are obtained without questionable search violating the exclusionary rule could ultimately be admissible as evidence in the court. Exclusionary rule does not apply when police officer’s act with objectively reasonable reliance on a search warrant later found to be invalid (Henning, 1995). Investigators, who mistakenly rather than intentionally violate constitutional rights, are deterred from future violation by the exclusion law. The doctrine of exclusion by good faith harms the innocent defendants in three ways: juror resistance, juror error, and perverse screening effect. It has therefore, been difficult for the court to find any distinction between investigators error and third-party error. The court held that investigators violation in obtaining evidence did not trigger the exclusionary rule. In justifying the holding of some cases, courts have noted that the logical inc onsistency between exclusion in cases involving non-police errors, cannot logically contribute to the deterrence of Fourth Amendment violations. But the errors that are made by the investigators in finding evidences and filling them have resulted to high faulty paperwork. By court allowing these errors in good faith doctrine the scope of its impact remains to be seen. The errors such us record keeping which may lead to false arrest, unlawful acquisition of evidence could only justify

How is Cleopatras infinite variety reflected Essay Example for Free

How is Cleopatras infinite variety reflected Essay How is Cleopatras infinite variety reflected in the language that she uses? In your answer you should include detailed reference to at least 2 passages from the play. Throughout the play many sides of Cleopatra are shown, this suggests she is constantly masking her true feelings, this ability shows her as a good queen of Egypt, but also a stubborn, yet scared person. The first passage I will refer to is Act I, Scene 1, where Antony and Cleopatra are happy and flirtatious. Here Cleopatra is portrayed as a flirtatious and dominant character, almost like a femme fatale with her use of language suggesting this via words and statements such as If it be love indeed, tell me how much, Hear the ambassadors, these two statements are direct and dominant, she tells Antony to do these things rather than asking him. Also, the way she talks about love in this manner shows her as independent and strong. In this scene she also teases and manipulates Antony with her talk of Fulvia, his wife, and Caesars hold over him, this is encouraging him to write them off and declare his loyalty to her, as he seems to be doing with his statement Let Rome in Tiber melt, and the wide arch of the rangd Empire fall: here is my space. Although this scene shows Antony and Cleopatras love, it also shows Cleopatras strong will and manipulation skills, as can be seen on many occasions throughout the play. Another side to Cleopatra is seen in Act III, Scene 11, where she has abandoned Antony at sea, and is now apologizing to him. In this scene, I feel her true feelings start to show through, especially through her language used; Oh lord, my lord, forgive my fearful sails here she is calling Antony lord, so talking of him highly, yet putting herself down by insinuating her and her navy are fearful, so basically, weak. Her reference to Antony as My lord the second time round is significant as it shows her fear of losing him because of her actions. Overall, Cleopatra does not say much in this scene, showing her shame and sorrow at the situation she is in. When she does speak she is very apologetic and says very little, especially in comparison to Antonys long speeches. Her final words in this scene say it all; Pardon, pardon. In these two scenes Cleopatras variety of personalities are shown through these two polar facades, in one she speaks a lot, is dominant, demanding and manipulative, in the other, she says very little, is apologetic almost to the stage of begging, and speaks to Antony with respect. This seeming role reversal between Antony and Cleopatra is seen a number of times throughout the play, in accordance with the events occurring in the plot. Another variety of Cleopatra is shown in Act III, Scene13, where she is deliberately masking her true thoughts and feelings in order to fool Caesars man Thidias. She is playing her cards very close to her chest by flattering Caesar and his men, asking questions about him rather than talking about herself and talking of the past rather than the present; Say to great CaesarI kiss his conquering hand: tell him I am prompt to lay my crown at his feet this shows her sweet-talking Caesars messenger and also shows her signaling to him that she will go along with Caesars words. Cleopatra asks for the messengers name, this is a change from her usual abrupt way with messengers, showing her flattery to make him think that she cares what him name is and also stalls the conversation to give her time to think. She talks of the past by bringing up Caesars father, whom she was with before Antony. She talks of him fondly, suggesting she still cares for Caesars father, and in turn, Caesar and Rome also. In two of these three scenes Cleopatra is able to mask her feelings completely, with her use of language being sophisticated enough to manipulate two powerful men. In all three scenes she is seen in a different light, almost like it were three different characters. Shakespeare keeps the audience intrigued by these changes, and shows Antony and Cleopatras relationship advancing, and also different characters roles and personalities, through Cleopatra and the other characters language. Cleopatras language is very clever, showing a surface meaning that could be completely different when looked at on a deeper level, this close textual analysis allows me to see what her true feelings were, in comparison to these masked emotions that are portrayed to the other characters. This could be Shakespeares way of pre-empting the tragic end and other major events in the play.

Number of Microorganisms and Level of Spoilage Relationship

Number of Microorganisms and Level of Spoilage Relationship 1.0Â  Materials and Method 1.1Â  Chemicals 50 g of dried powder of curcumin will be extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus with 500 mL of 95% ethanol. The process will be done until the solvent is colourless. The extract then will be filtered and concentrated using a rotary evaporator. The dried ethanolic extract will be stored for further usage. A stock solution of curcumin will be prepared by dissolving 10 mg of dried ethanolic extract in 10mL of ethanol (50%) to give a concentration of 1 mg/mL. All chemicals that will be used are reagent grade (will be supplied by Merck, Sigma, of Fluka) and will be used as supplied. 1.2Â  Methods 1.2.1Â  Preparation of Bacterial Cellulose Membrane Acetobacter xylinum culture will be cultivated using a Herstin-Schramm nutrient (HS) medium that consists of glucose (2 w/v%), yeast extract (0.5 w/v%), bacto-pepton (0.5 w/v%), citric acid (0.115 w/v%), Na2HPO4 (0.27 w/v%), MgSO4_7H2O (0.05 w/v%) and ethanol (1 v%) which will be added after the base has been sterilised. The culture will be cultivated in stationary conditions. The HS medium will be filled in 300 cm3 conic flasks. The bacterial breeding process will be conducted in a period of seven days at 30oC, which inoculums will be grafted at approximately 4 w% in relation to the HS medium. Glucose, arabinose, mannose, galactose, xylose and mannitol will be used as carbon sources in the biosynthesis process of bacterial cellulose. The membrane of the bacterial cellulose will be treated with NaOH (approximately 5% concentration) for 60 minutes and a temperature of 100oC so that bacterial cells can be removed and substrate from the inner layers of the bacterial cellulose film. The bacterial cells will then be rinsed with tap water until it achieves a neutral condition at around pH 7.0. To prepare the membrane sheet, 10 g of the bacterial cellulose will be blended until it is homogenous. Then, it will be casted onto the glass plate and pressed. The membrane is to be left overnight for 12 hours, and will be dried at 60 oC. The membrane sheet is to be stored away. 1.2.2Â  Immobilization of Natural Dye on Bacterial Cellulose Membrane The natural dye will be immobilized onto the bacterial cellulose membrane using absorption method. The membrane sheet will be immersed into 10 mL of curcumin stock solution (1 mg/mL) at ambient temperature for 12 hours. Then, the curcumin/cellulose membrane will be rinsed with tap water to ensure that unbound indicator within the membrane will be removed. The curcumin/cellulose membrane will be dried using an electrical drier. Finally, the curcumin/cellulose membrane will be cut into shapes according to the design of on-package sticker sensor (Figure 1). Figure 1:The design of the sticker sensor based on curcumin/cellulose membrane for broiler chicken cuts’ freshness with colour indication for fresh, medium (need to be consumed in hours) and not fresh (spoilage, do not consume). 1.2.3Â  Preparation of Broiler Chicken Cut Samples In this study, a fresh boiler chicken of normal pH (5.5-5.6) will be used. The chicken will be cut into a 100 g and 50 g portions for microbiological and sensory analysis respectively. Each portion will be placed in a low-density polyethylene plastic film (0.9 g/cm3) which will be put on plastic trays. Then, the samples will be stored in a low-temperature incubator (4-0.2 oC) and in room temperature. The temperature of the samples will be observed throughout the entire storage period with electronic temperature recording devices. Four sample packages of the chicken cut product will be taken at appropriate time samples from each storage temperature. They will be analysed for microbial growth, pH and sensory characteristics such as colour and odour. The test will be repeated for three times for each sample to increase the accuracy of the result. This means that 12 determinations in total will be taken per test condition. Then, the average value of the three determinations will be used per sample for the statistical analysis. 1.2.4Â  Microbiological Analysis Samples of chicken cuts will be weighed for 25 g each. Then, they will be added to quarter strength Ringer’s solution (225 mL) and will be homogenized in a stomacher for 60 seconds at room temperature. Decimal serial dilutions in quarter strength Ringer’s solution will then be prepared, 1 mL of 0.1 mL samples of appropriate dilutions will be spread on the surface of appropriate media in petri dishes to count (a) total aerobic viable count (TVC) on plate count agar; incubated at 25oC for 72 hours, and (b) Pseudomonas spp. on cetrimide-fucidin-cephaloridine (CFC) agar; incubated at 25oC for 48 hours. Both plates will be examined to observe typical colony types and morphological characteristics that were associated with each growth medium. Furthermore, the selectivity of each medium will be monitored regularly by Gram staining. Smears that will be prepared from randomly selected colonies from both media will also be examined using microscopic examination 1.2.5Â  Measurement of pH and VA in Broiler Chicken Cut Samples The glass electrode of a pH meter will be immersed in the homogenate of chicken meat to record the pH values at the end of microbiological analysis. Perchloric acid extracts will be taken from the chicken meat samples for analysis of TVBN levels. All the chicken meat samples will be rinsed thoroughly with tap water. The chicken meat will then skinned and minced through a meat grinder with 4 mm holes, three times. 10 g of chicken meat sample will be blended with 90 mL of PCA 6%. 50 mL of the filtrate is to be made alkaline using hydroxide 20% and distilled water for a period of 10 minutes in a 2100 Kjeltec Distillation Unit. The process will be repeated three times. 1.2.6Â  Sensory Analysis Sensory evaluation of chicken cut samples will be performed by a five-member (staff from the laboratory) sensory panel. It will be performed during storage to both chicken cut samples under chiller and room conditions. The same persons will be used in each evaluation session, but they will not know the age and temperature history of the product being tested. The evaluation will be carried out under artificial light, and the temperature of the product will be of the ambient temperature. When evaluating the product, special attention will be given to the colour, texture and odour of the chicken meat. The texture of the chicken meat will be measured by a texture meter while the odour will be judged and recorded in appropriate forms with descriptive terms, showing the organoleptic evolution of quality deterioration. A simple three-point scoring system will be used. Each characteristic will be scored on a continuous 0 to 3 hedonic scale, with 0 being the highest quality score, 1 for the a cceptable product, 2 as the limit of product acceptance or rejection point and 3 is the unacceptable chicken cut sample. 1.2.7Â  Measurement of the Visual Sticker Sensor Response The sticker sensor is made of natural dye of curcumin immobilised on bacterial cellulose and designed as in Figure 1. The sticker sensor will be placed on the packaging of the chicken cut samples, with direct contact to the atmosphere in the package through a hole that attached to the sensor. Then, the chicken cut packages will be stored at chiller and room temperature in order to assess the applicability of the developed sticker sensor to observe the spoilage process of the product. The irreversible colour change of the sensor from the initial yellow to reddish orange will be used as the measurable response of change. The kinetics of colour change of the sticker sensor will be evaluated by a hand-held colorimeter to determine the CIE colour space coordinates. 2.0Â  Expected Results The objectives of this study are to investigate the relationship between the number of microorganisms and level of spoilage, and also to develop an indicator to monitor the freshness of chicken. A few tests will be carried out, including microbiological analysis, pH and TVBN analysis, sensory analysis, as well as the response of the developed sticker sensor. The expected results for this experiment are: When the number of microorganism increase, the level of spoilage is higher. The pH and TVBN levels increase when the level of spoilage is higher. The sensory score will increase as the level of spoilage increase. The developed sticker sensor will remain the original colour yellow when the chicken cuts is fresh, orange when the product should be consumed in a few hours, reddish orange when the product is spoiled. 3.0Â  Abstract A few studies have shown that as the level of microbial growth increase, the level of spoilage also increase. The main objective of this study is to develop a sensor to indicate the level of spoilage that can be seen using our naked eye. The smart packaging that was invented really helped the consumers to judge the freshness of raw materials. There are a few indicator of meat freshness that has been studied, such as colour-based pH indicators and volatile compounds indicator. Examples of indicators are methyl red, natural dye of curcumin and colorimetric sensors array using e-nose. A sticker sensor will be developed using natural dye curcumin immobilized on bacterial cellulose. A few tests will be done, that are microbiological analysis, pH and TVBN analysis, sensory analysis, and the response of the developed sticker sensor to meet the goals of this study. The expected result will be the number of microorganism, pH and TVBN levels and sensory score will increase when the level of sp oilage increase. The sticker sensor will turn colour from yellow, to orange, and finally reddish orange indicating fresh, not really fresh and spoiled respectively.

The Importance Of Service Quality In Tesco Marketing Essay

The Importance Of Service Quality In Tesco Marketing Essay This is about to finding out the importance of service quality, how people give importance and also how this service quality helped the Tesco to wash out the other retail firms even they are equal in size ,market share etc. While purchasing a product the consumer will consider many factors for selecting a retail outlet. Price ,service ,range of products, etc are the promenate ones among them out of this, quality of service plays a vital role the best example for this is the success behind the grocery giant Tesco . Therefore the need and scope of the study is to examine the importance given to the service quality by consumers while selecting retail. Service characteristics: many may have their own presumption regarding the service. It is basically intangible, inseparable, heterogeneity and pershhability. The first one is like people will feel they cannot see. The next state that goods can be purchased but service cannot be purchased like this service facilitates to buy a product. Inseparability is the performance or quality achieved on produced and consumed at the same time. The other one explains that the service quality cannot be determined exactly, it is hard to structure and the last characteristic of this service quality is as this service cannot be stored and provided it should reach the customers in effective manner. (Davies and Ward., P. 282.283, 285).In 1960s and 1970 the price factor was dominating the retailers and their competitor. They were concentrating more on pricing the products, higher margins etc. in 1980s retailers started working more on non price activities like customer satisfaction .service quality etc. t hese factors gave them competitive advantage. They separately worked on customer service strategies developed along with merchandising strategy to process the consumer in search, delivery, store selection process etc this all to retain the customer loyal to the store and makes them come often for the purchase and making the customer consider that their tore as first choice store. If the retailer wants to make good business he has to work on service quality, he has to work on the ways of giving the best service to the customers. (Cook and Wartlers, P.157, 159) Food enterprises started implement this quality control because customers knew the importance of health. So retailers were in stress to use it in order to extend their market growth and also to provide safety food. Small food enterprises have forced to implement because even suppliers started to demand the quality certificate. So small enterprises are forced to get this one this helped them to them compete with competitors. (Husband and Mandal, 1999 and Rodrà ¬nges-Escobar et al., 2006). This Cleary states the importance of quality and a service required by the customers and also tells how people preference has improved. (http/:www.Sundirect.com Copyright  © 2008) There should be a proper sale promotion than only it is meaningful to proper sales will be there or else people will not know about the store, this increase the sale. Like some techniques followed in like stop and shop even customer who not have any idea of getting into the store should be encouraged to do some shopping in the store like if some customer coming to shop should motivate him to buy something and buy bigger this is suggesting the buyer to buy more products in order to give him some offers for e.g. mega mart in India. The importance of this promotion activity makes the store well reputed, selling more goods making the customers comfortable by getting the things they need. for e.g. some goods may be in upper shelf they find hard to get that product there should be some representative to help them.(Pardhan ., p.171) there are lot losses in retail sector only few are able to make profit but also there are lot of difference with these stores many people had research like pric ing, products avialabtiy etc. There are various stores available now lot of oppurnities for people to choose the shops. Generally price and service are the e factors which attract the customer even all store people can reduce the price to certain level but all stores cannot provide the same service quality of another. So basically comparison starts with price and services at present they are able to give the price but not service. In 170s there were big competition between four stores Tesco, sains bury, and asda and kwik save these were making good profit in these periods. These gaining more on 1970-80 not because of own brands but through loyalty. They sold only good products as a result these all stores got well established Tesco 7.2 8.6 8.3 12.0 13.6 Sains bury 6.1 7.02 7.7 11.5 11.9 asda 1.5 2.5 11.5 5.5 7.3 international 3.2 3.0 5.5 4.0 5.2 Fine fare 4.8 4.2 4.0 4.2 5.0 Kwik save 0.3 0.6 1.4 4.0 4.9 Allied supplier 7.9 7.0 5.7 5.0 4.8 . As this table shows the constant growth of the stores like tesco, sains burys, asda and international this growth is because of their prices and service rendered by the store. In consequent years Tesco ranked as 3 from 5 having turnover around  £ 953 million. All other stores are also improving but not like Tesco. (Retail structure pg no: 101, 2nd edition) even there is lot of fluctuatations in growth because of services rendered by the stores. There are variety of competitors there they all compete with Tesco. Tesco shows it s growth only because of various fore thinking strategies. (Akerurst and Alexander., P. 106,) From all the reference we can say that Tesco is steadily growing up with various strategies but it concentrates more on service qualities. Tesco is one of the important stores in British retailing. It sells at low price and also very excellent its service as according to the customer needs it changes the business. Even it has many competitions with equal potential it survive as the first in its performance. (Ferine and Sparks.,, P. 101) Retail environment is turning rapidly, customers wants are changing and also expectations also increased, so retailers find difficult to satisfy the customers changing needs which cannot be retained by price reduction, discounts offers etc. This can be achieved by quality of service given to the customer .for e.g. appropriate space for car parking, enough space for people to shop inside the store etc. for e.g. Tesco which has a great place for car park big place to shop so people find easy to go there and also care taken in stores with public this all services make the store successful. (http://www.springerlink.com/content/230784q16g50121x/) PROBLEM DEFINITION: The main focus of this grocery store is to retain the customer its not like fashion store or footwear store for e.g. if we buy a shirt will use that for certain months or year as similar for shoe and slippers but for grocery it is totally different we will not use the products will consume it so repeated purchases will take within certain time. Grocery is totally different aspect there will be repeated purchases in this segment, because we will not use but we will consume grocery products. Main motivate of grocery retailer is to retain the consumers, which is very essential now a day consumers expectations are more, the need for service is increasing. Therefore the purpose of the study is about service quality because his makes the consumer to retain with the store. The study is about service quality which is also key contribution for the success of Tesco. Objectives of the study: Analyzing the customer satisfaction on the quality of service rendered by Tesco. How Tesco was able to succeed its rivals. What others retailers lack in their service quality. RESEARCH DESIGN: Research design is an arrangement of terms for the collection and verifying the information for a research study, which will clearly states the purpose and need of the research like (for whom ? why ?) .(Saunders ,Lewies , Thornhill .,P., P.153) TYPE OF INVESTIGATION: The research design is Descriptive in nature because; I will be having a clear idea about the person by the answers given by him. Descriptive study is nothing but showing the accurate profile of the person. (Saunders, Lewies, Thornhill., P. 134) SAMPLING DESIGN: Non-Probability sampling is that sampling procedure which does not afford any basis for estimating the probability that each item in population has being included in the sample. The sampling procedure for the study is non-probability sampling. I am also dont know the correct population, so I define my design as non probability design (Research methods pg no: 207,208,226).the technique used in research is simple random technique it can be used with the undefined population. We can select the results in simple random sampling because these are hard to get correct answers and also my research is also very similar because very large customer so I have taken simple random sampling technique. (Saunders, Lewies, Thorn hill., P. 219) Primary data is the data collected directly from the sample. The primary data will be collected through personal interviews and questionnaires from the consumers who all coming to Tesco. Secondary data are those, which have been already gathered by others. The secondary data was collected from books, company profile, project reports, journals and websites. DATA COLLECTION METHOD: Data collection method should be very appropriate when we decide the method we have to think it in various aspects because we have to yield the good interview. So we have to plan in effective manner. The instrument used for research is a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire will be collected through schedule. A schedule consists of a list of a projects terminal element with intended start and finish dates. Respondents were contacted personally and were questionnaire is collected using schedule. (Saunders, Lewies, Thorn hill, P. 152) CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY: From all my reference I am able to understand the importance of service qualities and how it induce the organization it is very important reason for success of Tesco and also because of this lack of service quality many organization lost its market. So all employee in an organization should concentrate on service quality they have to work toward the satisfying customers and retaining them with the organization and also there should be proper motivation given to the employee to give the core benefits to the customers there should be more convenience for eg.24hours opened and 24 ATM insurances car insurances etc these are the services to be rendered.

Three Contributions Of Chinese Immigrants Essay -- essays research pap

Three Contributions Of Chinese Immigrants   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Chinese started immigrating to the United States in 1849. They left China in search of a better life. Life in China in the 1800's was very hard. There wasn't enough food, money and the cities were overpopulated. They heard about the United States and believed there was an opportunity to start over again. They hoped to find jobs on the railroad or to strike gold. When they arrived in the United States, life was difficult. Laws were made which discriminated against them. However, eventually they became a respected part of our society. They are responsible for many contributions which are part of American life today. This essay will describe three of these contributions: two products, ginseng and tea, and one method of medicine, acupuncture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ginseng is a perennial herb grown in China and other Asian countries. It is also grown in North American, but the Asian variety is thought to be more valuable. There are many legends and superstitions surrounding ginseng. The Chinese have long believed that the ginseng is a cure for many aliments and can even make one live longer. However, Western researchers are have been unable to prove this. Today, many manufacturers add ginseng to such products as hair tonics, shampoos, skin creams and even soft drinks. Also ginseng can be bought over the counter in drug stores under such names as â€Å"Ginkoba† and â€Å"Ginsana†. â€Å" Ginkoba† is supposed to... Three Contributions Of Chinese Immigrants Essay -- essays research pap Three Contributions Of Chinese Immigrants   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Chinese started immigrating to the United States in 1849. They left China in search of a better life. Life in China in the 1800's was very hard. There wasn't enough food, money and the cities were overpopulated. They heard about the United States and believed there was an opportunity to start over again. They hoped to find jobs on the railroad or to strike gold. When they arrived in the United States, life was difficult. Laws were made which discriminated against them. However, eventually they became a respected part of our society. They are responsible for many contributions which are part of American life today. This essay will describe three of these contributions: two products, ginseng and tea, and one method of medicine, acupuncture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ginseng is a perennial herb grown in China and other Asian countries. It is also grown in North American, but the Asian variety is thought to be more valuable. There are many legends and superstitions surrounding ginseng. The Chinese have long believed that the ginseng is a cure for many aliments and can even make one live longer. However, Western researchers are have been unable to prove this. Today, many manufacturers add ginseng to such products as hair tonics, shampoos, skin creams and even soft drinks. Also ginseng can be bought over the counter in drug stores under such names as â€Å"Ginkoba† and â€Å"Ginsana†. â€Å" Ginkoba† is supposed to...

My Dance with the Devil :: Personal Narrative Writing

There was a hawk in the night. This is unusually rare for an apprehensive town like Albany. Something began that night in Albany that would leave an everlasting experience in my mind. It all started somewhere around the beginning of the winter season. In fact, it was on a Saturday night during choir rehearsal. The choir was going over the final song when Derrick stopped by the church. He asked me to ride with him and a friend down to New Orleans. Well, this was an opportunity that I could not miss out on; after all, I was an inquisitive teenager, daring to experience life at all cost. At any rate, rehearsal had come to an end. So Derrick and I got into the car and headed out to Hammond to pick up his friend, Sharon, and then headed on down to New Orleans. With each mile of the way, I could only think about what I had gotten myself into by taking this trip without letting my parents know where I was going. The journey from a small quiet town like Albany to a major city like New Orlean s had become a sudden switch to a risky atmosphere. It was mandatory that Mom or Dad always knew where I was whenever night appeared; this was a rule I lived by growing up in their home. On the contrary, here I was with Derrick and a total stranger as we headed down to a city that was known for violence, New Orleans. However, as if that was not enough, Derrick and his friend Sharon brought along some marijuana cigarettes that he had already rolled to smoke along the way. Since I did not smoke marijuana, Derrick brought a fifth of vodka and a bottle of orange juice along just for me. This mixture would get my head all messed up, like theirs, leaving me floating in a cloud without a worry in the world. He wanted me to enjoy the same sensations as he and Sharon. As we cruised on down to New Orleans, Derrick and Sharon smoked the reefer as I drank the vodka mixed with orange juice. We wanted to be on cloud nine so that by the time we reached the big city of New Orleans, our heads would be ready for adventure, and we could do anything, or so we thought. We reached our destination at last.

Allys Wisdom :: College Admissions Essays

Ally's Wisdom I have baby-sat Ally, a little girl who has mild autism, for the past several years. She used to only speak a few words and sit still only five minutes at a time. Now she is a child who can talk up a storm and sit with me for hours while we enjoy a video. She is cute, funny, bright, and very caring. Like the rest of us, Ally has her ups and downs. There are moments when she is confident and moments when she is feeling a bit confused. She can be serious or delightfully silly. One thing that distinguishes Ally is the tendency to think in very concrete terms. When she was young, we often played the "What is it?" game. I choose an object; she identified it. The light switch was "light on-off," and the doorknob was "door open-close." At first I thought, "That's not what it's called." Then I realized how arbitrary our conventional labels are. Ally identified things for their purpose and function. Even now when I talk to her on the phone and ask, "What are you doing?", she answers "I'm talking to you." I have realized that if I wanted to know what she was doing before she came to the phone, that's what I should have asked. Sometimes we think we are communicating clearly, when what we say can actually be confusing for others. Ally helped me the most when my grandmother died. She knew that I was upset because she could see that I had been crying. When she asked me what was the matter, I told her I was sad because I missed my grandmother. She looked at me and said, "Why don't you try smiling?" At first I thought that her suggestion was foolish, but I have realized the