The Effects Of Obesity On Childhood Obesity Essay

Introduction There have been studies conducted to find out what has caused or what the leading factors to obesity are. Researchers are currently still doing research to find out what causes or what may be the lead to obesity. Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition which considers a child to be obese if their Body Mass Index (BMI) is at or above the 95th percentile for children and teens of the same age and sex. (Rendall., Weden, Lau, Brownell, Nazarov Fernandes, 2014). Obesity is on a rise in the Unites States and all over the world and can lead or result to other health complications later in life. The crucial breakdown serves as an implication of outlining childhood obesity, collaborating problems of the disease and resolutions, as well as applying critical thinking to give a complete approach to deliver information on childhood obesity. This will be done through citation of scholarly articles, samples and other modes of supporting details. Methodology Everyone wants to keep their families healthier because health is a very important part of living a life of wellness. There are so many different methods of being healthy or becoming healthy. Researchers have conducted different studies on what they seem to believe may be a positive outcome for those who are obese or for those that may be on the verge of obesity. The amount of cases for childhood obesity is at an all-time high which is leading to many medical conditions such as type 2 diabetes, asthma, sleepShow MoreRelatedObesity And Its Effects On Childhood Obesity1866 Words   |  8 PagesObesity is not an unfamiliar condition to the American population. Many researches, public health efforts, policies are focusing on obesity and specially on childhood obesity.in focus in United States (Ogden, Carroll, Kit Flegal, 2014). Many institutions such as CDC with its National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), Institute of Medicine and U.S. Department of Agriculrual and F ood have provided recommendations, surveys and developed regulations for obesity (Ogden, Carroll, KitRead MoreThe Effects Of Obesity On Adolescents : Childhood Obesity1068 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Obesity on Adolescents Childhood obesity is one of the most serious public health problems in the 21st century. According to PMC, the US Library of National Health and Medicine and National Institutes of Health, over 42 million children under the age of five are obese worldwide in 2010, and that number continues to ascend at an alarming rate. Obesity occurs when the body stores an excess amount of fat that is not necessary for the person’s survival. Some scientists have argued thatRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects1551 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood obesity has become an epidemic in our nation. Currently, more than one in six American children is obese, which is three times the rate as that of the 1970s [1]. Obesity contributes significantly to cardiovascular disease, different types of cancers, as well as diabetes. About 70% of obese children/adolescents have at least one risk factor for heart disease, such as hyperlipidemia and hypertension, and almost 40% of obese youths have at least tw o additional risk factors. Increase in ratesRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects Essay1049 Words   |  5 PagesChildhood obesity is at an all-time high in the United States and should be a major concern for the nation. With childhood obesity steadily rising, it is imperative that actions be implemented to offset this trend. Childhood obesity places children at a significantly higher risk for a multitude of physical and psychological health concerns. It is important to understand the actions that have been set in motion that attempt to resolve this issue. Additionally, it should be determined if these actionsRead MoreChildhood Obesity and Its Effect1260 Words   |  6 PagesChildhood obesity is considered to be a serious issue among our youth. Obesity can cause many types of physical problems, which most are aware of, but it can also cause some undesirable internal feelings within children and adolescents who suffer from it. Self-esteem, or self-worth, is important as it hel ps develop personality and is a major ingredient to our mental health status (Wang, F. and Veugelers, P. J., 2008). Some have said obesity may even have a negative effect on cognitive developmentRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects894 Words   |  4 PagesChildhood obesity, a monstrous disease that grabs the attention of its victims so effortlessly, is a frightening concern among many. Childhood obesity is a condition in which a child is extremely overweight for their particular age group. This disease has rapidly increased its victims by luring them in with mouth-watering advertisements, pleasurable menu items and amusement. To cause matters to become increasingly detrimental to their health, technology has been introduced to kids at particularlyRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects Essay1782 Words   |  8 PagesChildhood obesity has increased drastically over the past years and has become a high health risk to children. In fact, childhood obesity has doubled in numbe rs in the past thirty years (Childhood Obesity Facts). Obesity occurs when an individual becomes overweight and doctor’s diagnose a patient by using the body mass index or BMI scale. Obesity causes many diseases in children which cannot be cured without a doctor, in result, childhood obesity drives high health care costs. Since little effortRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects990 Words   |  4 PagesChildhood Obesity has quadrupled in the last thirty years, and the number of children with obesity related diseases and health conditions reflect that. More and more Kids are developing what would be considered adult health conditions like osteoporosis, sleep apnea, fatty liver disease, and cardio vascular diseases, which usually only affect people later in life. Kids are not only developing adult diseases, they are physically becoming adults. If you were to compare a obese 10 year old DNA to theirRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children1188 Words   |  5 Pageslink between childhood obesity and advertising. There has been a rise in childhood obesity in the past few years and many believe, and have evidence to support, that it is partly because of unregulated advertisements aimed towards children. The health of a child is very important childhood obesity is something to be concerned about. The definition of childhood obesity is: having a body mass index above the normal range for age and sex in children. The definition of childhood obesity may not soundRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effect On Children1273 Words   |  6 Pagesincline, childhood obesity is one of the most important issue. Often times, parents are willing to do anything for their child with the idea that it is â€Å"healthy.† When they figure out that not everything is healthy, some even take efforts to sue the company. Parents do not realize the underlying factors that cause this type of obesity. Childhood obesity can be a result of many factors in this upc oming society. Many consider genetics and hormonal development as a proof for childhood obesity. However

Limited Liability Companies - 1277 Words

After reading the case of Alex, Bill, Carl, and Devon’s business, me being their accountant, a type of business I would suggest them will be a Liability Limited corporation. Based on their needs LLC would be a perfect form of business for them. As their company was sole proprietorship ran by their dad, LLC offers some advantages of a corporation, as well as some advantages of a sole proprietorship. â€Å"A limited liability company, commonly called an LLC, is a business structure that combines the pass-through taxation of a partnership or sole proprietorship with the limited liability of a corporation.† (Nolo, 2014, n.a.) The characteristics of LLCs and a partnership company are somewhat similar as they both provide flexibility to the management and also the benefit of pass-through taxation. The Owners of an LLC are called members. As most states do not have any limit on ownership, members can be individuals, companies, other LLCs and foreign individuals. There is no li mit on the number of members in LLC. Some LLC also have only one owner, which is called a single member, and it is allowed in most of the states. Most states do not restrict ownership, and so members may include individuals, corporations, other LLCs and foreign entities† (irs.gov, 2014) There are some important factors that Alex, Bill, Carl, Devon and Xavier should know before they move forward to convert their business into Limited Liability Company. Ease and cost of formation In order to establish LLC, anShow MoreRelatedA Limited Liability Company1811 Words   |  8 PagesiA Limited Liability Company (LLC) is a business structure allowed by state statute. LLCs are popular because, similar to a corporation, owners have limited personal liability for the debts and actions of the LLC. Other features of LLCs are more like a partnership, providing management flexibility and the benefit of pass-through taxation. Owners of an LLC are called members. Since most states do not restrict ownership, members may include individuals, corporations, other LLCs and foreign entitiesRead MoreLimited Liability Companies ( Llcs ) Essay1509 Words   |  7 PagesLimited Liability Companies (LLCs) Rationale. The advent of the limited liability company in the 1990’s came about primarily to promote small business start-ups by providing substantial asset protection, simpler rules, and favorable state and local tax treatments (Millon, 2007; Riles Whitlock, 2003: Vandervoort, 2004). LLCs are also typically easier and less expensive to form and manage than a corporation and quickly became the entity of choice (Hopson Hopson, 2014). Similarities to corporationsRead MoreLimited Liability Company ( Llc )1480 Words   |  6 PagesAlternative 1. Limited Liability Company (LLC) The first alternative is a Limited Liability Company or abbreviated a LLC. â€Å"As an LLC your personal assets are protected from lawsuits and business debt, and only assets of your company can be touched by lawsuits and creditors† (Small Business – Chron.com, 2015). With a LLC you have plenty of advantages to include the benefit of always upgrading to another business organization and having the security and peace of mind of limited liability. It is also easierRead MoreLimited Liability Companies ( Llc )1687 Words   |  7 PagesLimited liability companies (LLC) in my opinion would be the best way to go to start up a business. With the ability of choosing which regime of taxation the business will identify with, protection from liability for the debts accrued by the business, no double taxation on business and member, and having the business counted as a separate entity, LLCs enjoy many of the benefits that corporations do, while being counted as a default partnershi p where new LLC laws do not cover an issue. Opening a restaurantRead MoreTypes Of Limited Liability Companies1965 Words   |  8 PagesThe Companies Act (2006) recognises a distinction between two different types of limited liability companies: A private company where the investment is largely provided by the founding members either through their personal savings or from bank loans, and a public company where the intention is to raise large amounts of money from the general public. The law assumes a closer relationship between the members in a private company than in a public company. Therefore, private companies commonly restrictRead MorePalmers Concrete Limited Liability Company1549 Words   |  7 PagesPalmer’s Concrete Limited Liability Company Palmer’s Concrete is an independent owned limited liability corporation that uses concrete to build sidewalk curves, and lay foundations for any edaphic. Palmer’s Concrete Limited Liability Company is based in the historical city of Pensacola, Florida and is located in the historical Brownsville area. The overall mission of Palmer’s Concrete is to form a foundation professionally for the moral structure of the individual, the businesses, and secure anRead MoreBenefits Of A Limited Liability Company759 Words   |  4 PagesA Limited Liability Company (LLC) is often regarded as a hybrid business structure: it mergers the protection of a corporation with the tax benefits and relative administrative simplicity of a partnership. For these reasons, it is considered an ideal business form for most small to mid-sized businesses with multiple owners. When starting a business, partners may choose to create an LLC rather than a standard partnership, thereby obtaining the substantial benefits provided by an LLC. In this structureRead MoreThe Legal Structure Of Limited Liability Company Essay834 Words   |  4 Pageslegal structure of Limited Liability Company. Facilities: I will have an office located in southern California. I will be located near the Los Angeles area. Business Structure: I am currently working on which professional organizations that I want to join. The film company will be more successful through networking. Facilities: I am currently working on what the zoning requirements are. The zoning requirements are important in picking the area for the location of my company. I am researchingRead MorePalmer s Concrete Limited Liability Company1546 Words   |  7 Pages Palmer’s Concrete Limited Liability Company Palmer’s Concrete is an independent owned limited liability corporation that uses concrete to build sidewalk curves, and lay foundations for any edaphic. Palmer’s Concrete Limited Liability Company is based in the historical city of Pensacola, Florida and is located in the historical Brownsville area. The overall mission of Palmer’s Concrete is to form a foundation professionally for the moral structure of the individual, the businesses, and secureRead MoreSole Proprietorship And Limited Liability Company1872 Words   |  8 PagesSole Proprietorship and Limited Liability Company For the past two years, Acme has been working out of the owner’s garage as a sole proprietorship. Which means there is one entity and there is no separation of the company and the owner. The sole proprietorship and the owner are one and the same meaning the business is not taxed but rather it is the owner’s income. The sole proprietorship is the least expensive to form. This type of entity has disadvantages of the owner being liable for all the

Foundation THE STORY BEHIND THE “FOUNDATION” Free Essays

By ISAAC ASIMOV The date was August 1, 1941. World War II had been raging for two years. France had fallen, the Battle of Britain had been fought, and the Soviet Union had just been invaded by Nazi Germany. We will write a custom essay sample on Foundation THE STORY BEHIND THE â€Å"FOUNDATION† or any similar topic only for you Order Now The bombing of Pearl Harbor was four months in the future. But on that day, with Europe in flames, and the evil shadow of Adolf Hitler apparently falling over all the world, what was chiefly on my mind was a meeting toward which I was hastening. I was 21 years old, a graduate student in chemistry at Columbia University, and I had been writing science fiction professionally for three years. In that time, I had sold five stories to John Campbell, editor of Astounding, and the fifth story, â€Å"Nightfall,† was about to appear in the September 1941 issue of the magazine. I had an appointment to see Mr. Campbell to tell him the plot of a new story I was planning to write, and the catch was that I had no plot in mind, not the trace of one. I therefore tried a device I sometimes use. I opened a book at random and set up free association, beginning with whatever I first saw. The book I had with me was a collection of the Gilbert and Sullivan plays. I happened to open it to the picture of the Fairy Queen of lolanthe throwing herself at the feet of Private Willis. I thought of soldiers, of military empires, of the Roman Empire of a Galactic Empire aha! Why shouldn’t I write of the fall of the Galactic Empire and of the return of feudalism, written from the viewpoint of someone in the secure days of the Second Galactic Empire? After all, I had read Gibbon’s Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire not once, but twice. I was bubbling over by the time I got to Campbell’s, and my enthusiasm must have been catching for Campbell blazed up as I had never seen him do. In the course of an hour we built up the notion of a vast series of connected stories that were to deal in intricate detail with the thousand-year period between the First and Second Galactic Empires. This was to be illuminated by the science of psychohistory, which Campbell and I thrashed out between us. On August 11, 1941, therefore, I began the story of that interregnum and called it â€Å"Foundation.† In it, I described how the psychohistorian, Hari Seldon, established a pair of Foundations at opposite ends of the Universe under such circumstances as to make sure that the forces of history would bring about the second Empire after one thousand years instead of the thirty thousand that would be required otherwise. The story was submitted on September 8 and, to make sure that Campbell really meant what he said about a series, I ended â€Å"Foundation† on a cliff-hanger. Thus, it seemed to me, he would be forced to buy a second story. However, when I started the second story (on October 24), I found that I had outsmarted myself. I quickly wrote myself into an impasse, and the Foundation series would have died an ignominious death had I not had a conversation with Fred Pohl on November 2 (on the Brooklyn Bridge, as it happened). I don’t remember what Fred actually said, but, whatever it was, it pulled me out of the hole. â€Å"Foundation† appeared in the May 1942 issue of Astounding and the succeeding story, â€Å"Bridle and Saddle,† in the June 1942 issue. After that there was only the routine trouble of writing the stories. Through the remainder of the decade, John Campbell kept my nose to the grindstone and made sure he got additional Foundation stories. â€Å"The Big and the Little† was in the August 1944 Astounding, â€Å"The Wedge† in the October 1944 issue, and â€Å"Dead Hand† in the April 1945 issue. (These stories were written while I was working at the Navy Yard in Philadelphia.) On January 26, 1945, I began â€Å"The Mule,† my personal favorite among the Foundation stories, and the longest yet, for it was 50,000 words. It was printed as a two-part serial (the very first serial I was ever responsible for) in the November and December 1945 issues. By the time the second part appeared I was in the army. After I got out of the army, I wrote â€Å"Now You See It† which appeared in the January 1948 issue. By this time, though, I had grown tired of the Foundation stories so I tried to end them by setting up, and solving, the mystery of the location of the Second Foundation. Campbell would have none of that, however. He forced me to change the ending, and made me promise I would do one more Foundation story. Well, Campbell was the kind of editor who could not be denied, so I wrote one more Foundation story, vowing to myself that it would be the last. I called it â€Å"?And Now You Don’t,† and it appeared as a three-part serial in the November 1949, December 1949, and January 1950 issues of Astounding. By then, I was on the biochemistry faculty of Boston University School of Medicine, my first book had just been published, and I was determined to move on to new things. I had spent eight years on the Foundation, written nine stories with a total of about 220,000 words. My total earnings for the series came to $3,641 and that seemed enough. The Foundation was over and done with, as far as I was concerned. In 1950, however, hardcover science fiction was just coming into existence. I had no objection to earning a little more money by having the Foundation series reprinted in book form. I offered the series to Doubleday (which had already published a science-fiction novel by me, and which had contracted for another) and to Little-Brown, but both rejected it. In that year, though, a small publishing firm, Gnome Press, was beginning to be active, and it was prepared to do the Foundation series as three books. The publisher of Gnome felt, however, that the series began too abruptly. He persuaded me to write a small Foundation story, one that would serve as an introductory section to the first book (so that the first part of the Foundation series was the last written). In 1951, the Gnome Press edition of Foundation was published, containing the introduction and the first four stories of the series. In 1952, Foundation and Empire appeared, with the fifth and sixth stories; and in 1953, Second Foundation appeared, with the seventh and eighth stories. The three books together came to be called The Foundation Trilogy. The mere fact of the existence of the Trilogy pleased me, but Gnome Press did not have the financial clout or the publishing knowhow to get the books distributed properly, so that few copies were sold and fewer still paid me royalties. (Nowadays, copies of first editions of those Gnome Press books sell at $50 a copy and up?but I still get no royalties from them.) Ace Books did put out paperback editions of Foundation and of Foundation and Empire, but they changed the titles, and used cut versions. Any money that was involved was paid to Gnome Press and I didn’t see much of that. In the first decade of the existence of The Foundation Trilogy it may have earned something like $1500 total. And yet there was some foreign interest. In early 1961, Timothy Seldes, who was then my editor at Doubleday, told me that Doubleday had received a request for the Portuguese rights for the Foundation series and, since they weren’t Doubleday books, he was passing them on to me. I sighed and said, â€Å"The heck with it, Tim. I don’t get royalties on those books.† Seldes was horrified, and instantly set about getting the books away from Gnome Press so that Doubleday could publish them instead. He paid no attention to my loudly expressed fears that Doubleday â€Å"would lose its shirt on them.† In August 1961 an agreement was reached and the Foundation books became Doubleday property. What’s more, Avon Books, which had published a paperback version of Second Foundation, set about obtaining the rights to all three from Doubleday, and put out nice editions. From that moment on, the Foundation books took off and began to earn increasing royalties. They have sold well and steadily, both in hardcover and softcover, for two decades so far. Increasingly, the letters I received from the readers spoke of them in high praise. They received more attention than all my other books put together. Doubleday also published an omnibus volume, The Foundation Trilogy, for its Science Fiction Book Club. That omnibus volume has been continuously featured by the Book Club for over twenty years. Matters reached a climax in 1966. The fans organizing the World Science Fiction Convention for that year (to be held in Cleveland) decided to award a Hugo for the best all-time series, where the series, to qualify, had to consist of at least three connected novels. It was the first time such a category had been set up, nor has it been repeated since. The Foundation series was nominated, and I felt that was going to have to be glory enough for me, since I was sure that Tolkien’s â€Å"Lord of the Rings† would win. It didn’t. The Foundation series won, and the Hugo I received for it has been sitting on my bookcase in the livingroom ever since. In among all this litany of success, both in money and in fame, there was one annoying side-effect. Readers couldn’t help but notice that the books of the Foundation series covered only three hundred-plus years of the thousand-year hiatus between Empires. That meant the Foundation series â€Å"wasn’t finished.† I got innumerable letters from readers who asked me to finish it, from others who demanded I finish it, and still others who threatened dire vengeance if I didn’t finish it. Worse yet, various editors at Doubleday over the years have pointed out that it might be wise to finish it. It was flattering, of course, but irritating as well. Years had passed, then decades. Back in the 1940s, I had been in a Foundation-writing mood. Now I wasn’t. Starting in the late 1950s, I had been in a more and more nonfiction-writing mood. That didn’t mean I was writing no fiction at all. In the 1960s and 1970s, in fact, I wrote two science-fiction novels and a mystery novel, to say nothing of well over a hundred short stories but about eighty percent of what I wrote was nonfiction. One of the most indefatigable nags in the matter of finishing the Foundation series was my good friend, the great science-fiction writer, Lester del Rey. He was constantly telling me I ought to finish the series and was just as constantly suggesting plot devices. He even told Larry Ashmead, then my editor at Doubleday, that if I refused to write more Foundation stories, he, Lester, would be willing to take on the task. When Ashmead mentioned this to me in 1973, I began another Foundation novel out of sheer desperation. I called it â€Å"Lightning Rod† and managed to write fourteen pages before other tasks called me away. The fourteen pages were put away and additional years passed. In January 1977, Cathleen Jordan, then my editor at Doubleday, suggested I do â€Å"an important book a Foundation novel, perhaps.† I said, â€Å"I’d rather do an autobiography,† and I did 640,000 words of it. In January 1981, Doubleday apparently lost its temper. At least, Hugh O’Neill, then my editor there, said, â€Å"Betty Prashker wants to see you,† and marched me into her office. She was then one of the senior editors, and a sweet and gentle person. She wasted no time. â€Å"Isaac,† she said, â€Å"you are going to write a novel for us and you are going to sign a contract to that effect.† â€Å"Betty,† I said, â€Å"I am already working on a big science book for Doubleday and I have to revise the Biographical Encyclopedia for Doubleday and â€Å" â€Å"It can all wait,† she said. â€Å"You are going to sign a contract to do a novel. What’s more, we’re going to give you a $50,000 advance.† That was a stunner. I don’t like large advances. They put me under too great an obligation. My average advance is something like $3,000. Why not? It’s all out of royalties. I said, â€Å"That’s way too much money, Betty.† â€Å"No, it isn’t,† she said. â€Å"Doubleday will lose its shirt,† I said. â€Å"You keep telling us that all the time. It won’t.† I said, desperately, â€Å"All right. Have the contract read that I don’t get any money until I notify you in writing that I have begun the novel.† â€Å"Are you crazy?† she said. â€Å"You’ll never start if that clause is in the contract. You get $25,000 on signing the contract, and $25,000 on delivering a completed manuscript.† â€Å"But suppose the novel is no good.† â€Å"Now you’re being silly,† she said, and she ended the conversation. That night, Pat LoBrutto, the science-fiction editor at Doubleday called to express his pleasure. â€Å"And remember,† he said, â€Å"that when we say ‘novel’ we mean ‘science-fiction novel,’ not anything else. And when we say ‘science-fiction novel,’ we mean ‘Foundation novel’ and not anything else.† On February 5, 1981, I signed the contract, and within the week, the Doubleday accounting system cranked out the check for $25,000. I moaned that I was not my own master anymore and Hugh O’Neill said, cheerfully, â€Å"That’s right, and from now on, we’re going to call every other week and say, ‘Where’s the manuscript?† (But they didn’t. They left me strictly alone, and never even asked for a progress report.) Nearly four months passed while I took care of a vast number of things I had to do, but about the end of May, I picked up my own copy of The Foundation Trilogy and began reading. I had to. For one thing, I hadn’t read the Trilogy in thirty years and while I remembered the general plot, I did not remember the details. Besides, before beginning a new Foundation novel I had to immerse myself in the style and atmosphere of the series. I read it with mounting uneasiness. I kept waiting for something to happen, and nothing ever did. All three volumes, all the nearly quarter of a million words, consisted of thoughts and of conversations. No action. No physical suspense. What was all the fuss about, then? Why did everyone want more of that stuff? To be sure, I couldn’t help but notice that I was turning the pages eagerly, and that I was upset when I finished the book, and that I wanted more, but I was the author, for goodness’ sake. You couldn’t go by me. I was on the edge of deciding it was all a terrible mistake and of insisting on giving back the money, when (quite by accident, I swear) I came across some sentences by science-fiction writer and critic, James Gunn, who, in connection with the Foundation series, said, â€Å"Action and romance have little to do with the success of the Trilogy virtually all the action takes place offstage, and the romance is almost invisible but the stories provide a detective-story fascination with the permutations and reversals of ideas.† Oh, well, if what was needed were â€Å"permutations and reversals of ideas,† then that I could supply. Panic receded, and on June 10, 1981, I dug out the fourteen pages I had written more than eight years before and reread them. They sounded good to me. I didn’t remember where I had been headed back then, but I had worked out what seemed to me to be a good ending now, and, starting page 15 on that day, I proceeded to work toward the new ending. I found, to my infinite relief, that I had no trouble getting back into a â€Å"Foundation-mood,† and, fresh from my rereading, I had Foundation history at my finger-tips. There were differences, to be sure: 1) The original stories were written for a science-fiction magazine and were from 7,000 to 50,000 words long, and no more. Consequently, each book in the trilogy had at least two stories and lacked unity. I intended to make the new book a single story. 2) I had a particularly good chance for development since Hugh said, â€Å"Let the book find its own length, Isaac. We don’t mind a long book.† So I planned on 140,000 words, which was nearly three times the length of â€Å"The Mule,† and this gave me plenty of elbow-room, and I could add all sorts of little touches. 3) The Foundation series had been written at a time when our knowledge of astronomy was primitive compared with what it is today. I could take advantage of that and at least mention black holes, for instance. I could also take advantage of electronic computers, which had not been invented until I was half through with the series. The novel progressed steadily, and on January 17, 1982, I began final copy. I brought the manuscript to Hugh O’Neill in batches, and the poor fellow went half-crazy since he insisted on reading it in this broken fashion. On March 25, 1982, I brought in the last bit, and the very next day got the second half of the advance. I had kept â€Å"Lightning Rod† as my working title all the way through, but Hugh finally said, â€Å"Is there any way of putting ‘Foundation’ into the title, Isaac?† I suggested Foundations at Bay, therefore, and that may be the title that will actually be used. * You will have noticed that I have said nothing about the plot of the new Foundation novel. Well, naturally. I would rather you buy and read the book. And yet there is one thing I have to confess to you. I generally manage to tie up all the loose ends into one neat little bow-knot at the end of my stories, no matter how complicated the plot might be. In this case, however, I noticed that when I was all done, one glaring little item remained unresolved. I am hoping no one else notices it because it clearly points the way to the continuation of the series. It is even possible that I inadvertently gave this away for at the end of the novel, I wrote: â€Å"The End (for now).† I very much fear that if the novel proves successful, Doubleday will be at my throat again, as Campbell used to be in the old days. And yet what can I do but hope that the novel is very successful indeed. What a quandary! *Editor’s note: The novel was published in October 1982 as Foundation’s Edge. How to cite Foundation THE STORY BEHIND THE â€Å"FOUNDATION†, Essay examples

Nursing Copy of Chromosome

Question: Describe aboutn the Nursing for Copy of Chromosome. Answer: Down syndrome Down syndrome is a genetic disorder, which occurs due to the presence of all or a part of the third copy of chromosome 21. Therefore, this disease is sometimes called as trisomy 21 (Norton et al., 2012). The occurrence of the extra chromosome is a random chance it has no connection with the fact that the parents are genetically normal or not. A normal baby has 46 chromosome 23 from the mother and 23 from the father, but a DS (Down Syndrome) baby have 47 chromosome instead of 46 due to the presence of an extra chromosome 21 (Gersen 2013). Though there is no established evidence of the reason behind DS certain scientist believe that the chances to have a DS baby increase with the increase in the age of the mother. Some statistical study shows that a woman of age 30 have a chance to give birth 1 DS baby for every 1000 baby, and it increases to 1 for every 400 at the age of 35 and 1 for every 100 at the age of 40 (Lozano et al., 2013). In this disease, the physical growth of the patient is delayed along with some characteristic facial features and intellectual disabilities. A Down Syndrome kid has a flat facial profile, small ears, protruding tongue and upward slant of eyes. Some children have a Hypotonia that is low muscle tone (Cox Butler 2015). The DS babies learn to sit, crawl, and walk very late in comparison to the normal babies. The DS babies are usually of average size, but they grow at a slower rate. Due to low muscle tone, the DS babies have to face a feeding, sucking, digestive and constipation problems. By using prenatal screening followed by diagnostic testing Down syndrome can be identified during pregnancy. In detecting Down syndrome and other chromosomal abnormalities, the diagnostic test is about 99 percent accurate. As this test are performed inside the uterus, there remains a chance of complication like miscarriage. For this reason, invasive diagnostic test is recommended for the women of age 35 or older. Genetic testing and direct observation a fter birth can also identify it. After a baby is born if the doctor suspect that the baby has DS, tissue or blood sample may be tested to investigate the chromosome group number, size, and shape. There is no cure for Down syndrome. Proper care and education should be given to the patients to improve the quality of their life. DS affect the kids ability to learn in different ways but still they are capable of developing their skill and learn new thing throughout their life. It is very difficult to say what a DS child will be capable of as they grow up. Over 50 percent of the DS children have a congenital heart defect and problems with hearing and vision. Other medical condition a DS child has to face includes intestinal, stomach, and thyroid problems. Fortunately, some of this condition are treatable. The parents of a DS child must not feel guilt, loss, and fear. Talking to the parents of the other DS children may be helpful in overcoming the grief and shock. It will also help the parents to look towards the future. The parents may appoint early childhood educators and speech therapist to accelerate and encourage the development of the child. The government provides free early intervention services to the disable child from birth to the age of 3 in many states. So it is necessary for the parents to consult a doctor or a social worker to know more about the resources government is providing in their local area for the children with disabilities. There are more than 13000 DS in Australia and only 5-15 percent of the children with DS attend regular school. Recent studies of 2010 show that globally about 1 per 1000 births are DS and about 17000 deaths (Bellomo Schneider 2014). Children with DS are born more in the countries where abortion is not allowed and where pregnancy occurs more commonly at the later age. Some time people argue that the screening for DS is unethical though it is a medically reasonable procedure. The people should be made aware of this and the choice be should of the woman that how much and how little screening she wishes to be done. If the result is positive then the parents should be allowed to choose freely what to do because it is the question of their good-being. Chronic illness-Diabetes Mellitus The biggest challenge to Australian Institute of Health and Welfare is Diabetes Mellitus (Saqf el Hait et al., 2013). It is a chronic condition in which there is an increase in the glucose level in blood. It occurs due to the inability of the body to produce a hormone insulin or due to the body being unable to use insulin effectively. There are mainly three types of Diabetes. They are Diabetes Type 1, Diabetes Type 2, and the third one is Gestational Diabetes (Nankerviset al., 2012). Diabetes Type 1 This type of Diabetes starts at childhood and is a lifelong autoimmune disease which occurs when the cells present in pancreas which produce insulin are destroyed by the body's immune system (Samuelsson, Steineck, Gubbjornsdottir, 2014). Due to the absence of insulin, the glucose molecule cannot be transported into the cells and as a result, the blood glucose level starts to increase. Though the exact cause of Diabetes type 1 is unknown but some doctors believe that there is some relation with some environmental factors and genetic predisposition. Diabetes type 1 can occur at any age, but it commonly occurs during adolescence and childhood. This is unpreventable, and it is very essential to replace the insulin for the survival of the patient, in some cases, there is a scope of pancreas transplantation otherwise insulin have to be monitored to the patient on a daily basis throughout his whole life. Diabetes Type 2 It is the most common form of the disease, and it is preventable by just following a healthy lifestyle. This type of diabetes mainly occurs when the body is unable produces insulin in an adequate amount to meet the body's need or if the body becomes resistant to the insulin produced by the pancreas. Sometimes insulin is also used in the treatment of Diabetes Type 2 but not in every case. At first, to maintain the blood glucose at the normal level the patient are given oral glucose-lowering medication, they are advised to modify their life style. The modification includes physical activity, health diet, decrease high blood pressure, high blood lipids, reduce smoking, tobacco intake, and obesity. Gestational Diabetes This type of Diabetes involves the appearance of the high level of blood sugar for the first time during pregnancy. Normally it is found in the woman who is not been diagnosed with other form of diabetes in their second and third trimester. It sometimes creates a complication for both the baby and the mother. In some cases, both the mother and the baby may develop, Diabetes Type 2 in later life. Some woman requires insulin treatment and some woman manage their gestational diabetes by making changes to their exercise and diet. Woman with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes can have pregnancy and normal delivery with no effects on the health of the mother and baby, and there is may be no complication during the delivery. With the good planning, they can have an excellent control of blood pressure and a healthy pregnancy. There is no risk for mothers having Diabetes to breastfeed their babies. But the doses of the insulin should be lowered during this time. Diabetes is considered as 21st centurys epidemic in Australia and the biggest challenge for Australian health system. Every day 280 Australian develop Diabetes this means that in every five minutes one person develops Diabetes. More than 1.7 million people in Australia have Diabetes (Harding et al., 2016). In the year 2015, more than 100000 people in Australia have developed Diabetes (Chatterjee et al., 2016). The fastest growing Chronic illness of Australia is Diabetes (Hamar et al., 2015). Among all the diabetes patient 10 percent are of Diabetes Type 1, 85 percent are of Diabetes type 2 and 5 percent are Gestational Diabetes. As there is no effective cure for Diabetes one can live an enjoyable life just by learning about the ways to manage it. Diabetic people should avoid foods having a high amount of calories, saturated fats, and sodium because high amounts of saturated fats and sodium lead to unwanted weight gain and severe heart disease, which may sometimes be fatal. In the year 2014, 29,435 people have started using insulin to treat their Diabetes. Peoples having type 2 Diabetes are given medication including insulin so that their blood glucose level gets controlled. Most of these medications are in the form of tablets or injection. But these are not an oral form of insulin. In current times certain classes of drugs are there which are used by the people of Australia who have Type 2 Diabetes for lowering their blood glucose level. The familiar names of these tablets are Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (acarbose), thiazolidinediones (glitazones), sulphonylureas, and biguanides (Patel 2014). But this medicine should be used along with physical exercise and healthy food habits. All people having Diabetes must check their glucose level on a regular basis. Reference: Norton, M. E., Brar, H., Weiss, J., Karimi, A., Laurent, L. C., Caughey, A. B., ... Lee, H. (2012). 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