Scholarly Sources

Scholarly Sources organization, or other scholarly entity Sources purpose as a legitimate educational resource, not a medium for advertising, entertainment, business solicitation, or political propaganda Learners can use the chart below to help differentiate sources by type. The academic community has established a general consensus on the criteria for publishable scholarship, including how to identify scholarly sources. Several reputable university Web sites contain information that reflects this consensus (Belanger, 2006; SCC, 2008; Torian, 2001; UWB, 2007). Learners are encouraged to review these university Web sites to better understand the scholars role and responsibilities within the academic community.

Enterprise & Social Responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Enterprise & Social Responsibility - Essay Example Tobacco is an example of a trade goods, like that of foodstuffs in economic terms whereby, price is set according to crop yields which normally depends on local weather conditions. There are several considerations for tobacco business and it include the value of species grown for tobacco production, the overall quantity on the market, the health of the plants, the area or locale where plant was grown, the product quality and many other. These factors are dealt properly by tobacco manufacturers like the Altria Group of companies. The parent company (Altria Group Inc., 2009) of the famous Philip Morris USA, John Middleton, Smokeless Tobacco Company, Ste. Michelle Wine Estates and Philip Morris Capital Corporation is the Altria Group. Among the companies of Altria, Philip Morris USA is known as the largest tobacco company in US, with exactly half of the total U.S. cigarette market. Moreover, the leading producer as well as marketer of smokeless, moist tobacco is the U.S. Smokeless Tobacco Company while John Middleton is still the leading manufacturing business of large machine-made cigars. It is Althrias pride that Ste. Michelle Wine Estates belong to the top 10 premium wine producers in the United States. Altria Groups tobacco companies is proud to have created successful and popular brand names like Marlboro, Skoal, Copenhagen, and Black & Mild. The expansion of Altria Groups tobacco companies tobacco products is driven by constant innovation. The Altria Group operating companies believe that in their business, listening to and conversing with people regarding the issues and concerns surrounding their products as well as their businesses is essential. Thus, the employees meet with growers, suppliers, retailers, and adult consumers on a regularly basis. They ensure that there is interaction with investors, elected officials, community

Developing IMC plan for Tween Mobile phone Essay

Developing IMC plan for Tween Mobile phone - Essay Example For the last two years, this young company, which has the credit of designing some of the most innovative applications in the mobile industry, was experiencing a dearth in the sales of its products. Further analysis revealed that the sales of the company depreciated as a direct response to the saturation of the adult mobile users while the market for new mobile applications is increasing exponentially due to the emergence of a new category of young consumers. This led to the company feeling the need to design a new marketing communication plan which will increasingly focus on the various communication objectives, selection of advertising strategy on a creative note, and finally a highly effective media plan. Background Information The world today has become a highly digitized and connected world. The reason for this extreme level of digitization as well as consecutiveness can be attributed to the increasing advancements of technology with regards to the communication needs of human b eing and human controlled processes of automatic and automated that has emerged all over the world. Keeping pace with the rapid advancements of communication technology, the mobile phones have emerged as the most primary form of human communication all over the world, more effectively in the emerging as well as the economically established countries and markets around the world. In Australia, the consumption of mobile phones has gone up tremendously. Various market researches on consumers have identified that the young group of child consumers, who increasingly fall in the age group of 6 to 13 years are one of the most active and avid customers, who display highly attractive and strongly influential consumer behavior. Researches further show that the young consumers hold significant power in terms of influencing the consumer behavior of their parents in a direct and indirect manner (Global Trade Marketing, 2005). Talking in terms of various categories of consumers, the consumers fal ling within the age group of 6 to 13 years, which comprises around a total of 11 percent of the Australian population, have acquired the needs of owning a cell phone (Telstra, 2007). Talking in terms of statistical data, it can be said that the around ? of the total consumers falling in this category from the Australia region already have individual possession of cell phones (Downie and Glazebrook, 2007). While the sole purpose of being provided with cell phones has been cited as the logic of being able to stay connected with their parents, yet this young group of consumers have increasingly developed a significantly different category of consumer behavior which is itself unique in nature (Roy Morgan Research’s Young Australians Survey, Summary). It has been increasingly decoded that the young group of consumers increasingly sees the mobile phones as a symbolic representation of their status and a high percentage of them state that the brand of the mobile phones that are bein g used by them is increasingly important to them.

Importance of Leadership Style for the Success of John Lewis Coursework

Importance of Leadership Style for the Success of John Lewis - Coursework Example The researcher states that given the competitive nature of the business environment that the firm operates in, and the importance and magnitude of leadership positions, leadership, and leadership style is very important for John Lewis. This will determine how John Lewis is going to be successful in the future as it continues to be an even more important business in the economy. Leadership is the process of coordinating and organizing people, in such a way that they work together as a focused team to accomplish a common goal. Leadership style refers to the philosophy of a leader and how he or she implements his or her leadership. According to BBC online news, the leadership style that a leader chooses to use, either consciously or unconsciously, has a fundamental impact on his efficacy as well as success. In this article, the leadership style of John Lewis is placed evaluated to determine its efficacy and what John Lewis may need to improve to become a better leader. When it comes to leadership, there are significant differences between leaders and managers. One of the main differences between managers and leaders is that leaders have followers while managers manage employees. Unlike a leader who creates and implements change, managers react to change and sometimes it can be too late for them. Managers, unlike leaders, are also likely to be focused on taking credit when they achieve something even if they achieved it through their employees. A leader who focuses on leadership and not management, on the other hand, gives credit to his team and takes responsibility when things do not go as planned or in the desired way. A manager may be focused on developing his career while a leader is taking a group or shared focus where nobody, not even the least import person, in the team is left behind. Managers may be the source of good ideas, but a leader is the one who makes these ideas transform from just being ideas into actual real-life solutions that benefit everyone. In other words, leaders make things happen while managers are just conveyor belts.

Competition among airlines: Air Mauritius

Competition among airlines: Air Mauritius CHAPTER 1 1.0 Introduction The Air Mauritius was created in the year 1967 which helped connecting our small island to the rest of the world. The company now has direct flights throughout Africa, Australia, Asia and Europe which sums up to around 20 regional and international destinations (Air Mauritius, 2013). Voted best Airline in the Indian Ocean (according to the World Travel Awards, 2013), the company represents Mauritius and is the only airline company of the country till date, hence its flag carrier. The latter boasts to give unique, high quality services and a special attention to its customers (Air Mauritius, 2013). According to its Annual Report 2012/2013, the company currently has 2,340 employees, 12 aircrafts in their fleet serving 19 destinations. Having had a turnover of EUR 450 Million, Air Mauritius offered 1.8 Million seats but carried only 1.3 Million passengers and had only 10,080 number of flights during the 2012-2013 period (Air Mauritius Annual Report 2012-2013). These statistics show that 500,000 seats remained unsold which might be due to the recession affecting our main tourist market; Europe. However, Air Mauritius has slowly recovered from major losses in the previous years. In the 2011-2012 period, the company accounted for a net loss of EUR 29.4 Million but for the current period of 2012-2013, there was only a net loss of EUR 2.5 Million (Air Mauritius Annual Report 2012-2013). Making losses is always bad for business but the recovery was amazing and we hope to see more of it in the upcoming years. Even though Air Mauritius recovered from losses, the company was not able to match the sales and revenue of previous years which proves the fact that the company is losing some of its customers. The company is partly owned by the government with 51% shares and 41% going to the shareholders. They all have a major role to play in order to protect the national flag carrier from stiff competition and the current economic crisis. It is very crucial for Air Mauritius to preserve its customers and attract new markets because the tourism industry heavily depends on it. The tourism industry is the main revenue generating industry in Mauritius and by being the only flag carrier; Air Mauritius plays an important role in the success of this economic pillar. Most of the tourists come to the island by air and we all want them to use Air Mauritius instead of coming through our fierce competitors like Air France, British Airways and Emirates. Air Mauritius is currently negotiating with Air France for a strategic partnership since the negotiations have failed with Emirates (BusinessMega.mu, 2013). Now that the company is focusing more on the Asian market, Air Mauritius is developing new strategies to increase the capacity of passengers to and from China, Singapore and Kuala Lampur (CAPA, 2013). The company also increased the frequency of flights mainly to China and India in order to attract tourists from the current profitable target market of the tourism industry. In February 2013, the government of Mauritius and the Republic of Maldives have both signed a bilateral agreement which aims to target the Chinese market, especially with destinations like Beijing and Hong Kong where both the Air Mauritius and Mega Maldives Airlines will offer direct services (Gov.mu, 2013). In mid-2012, Air Mauritius has formed a codeshare partnership with Air Austral which has had some financial difficulties just likes our own flag carrier. Th e codeshare partnership helped to restoring the Mauritius-Perth route several times per week (CAPA, 2013). Both Air Mauritius and Air Austral agree that Australia is a great potential destination for growth. A flag carrier is very important for countries that have it. It represents the image of the country but most importantly, it provides preferential rights, privileges and facilitates certain agreements with other countries. The government of Mauritius has recently decided to go towards an open sky policy for its flag carrier instead of sticking with the old limited sky policy. They are trying to imitate Emirates which has its success thanks to the open sky policy (Hough, 2013). This will prove to be successful for Mauritius only when sales at Air Mauritius are boosted again and there are more tourist arrivals. The local government has a forecast of 1 million tourist arrivals for the current year of 2013, which represents an increase of about 2.5% compared to last year (BusinessMega.mu, 2013). However this will not be possible without the help of Air Mauritius since most of these tourists will rely on air travel to come here and they may opt for other rival airline companies because of flight prices. Air Mauritius plays a major role in the economy of Mauritius and helped the tourism industry grow throughout its operational years and this is still an on-going process despite the company is suffering an economic turmoil (Prayag, 2007). The company’s fleet consists only of Airbus aircraft fitted with modern equipment and is it approved by the European Aviation Safety Agency. On-board the Air Mauritius, there are many services like the inflight entertainment, meals, duty free sales and magazines. The on-board menu consists mainly of the Mauritian cuisine but draws its inspiration from all around the world offering Asian, Indian and European flavours. The company also has certain strict no-pork and no-beef policies and even have special meals for needy people, like the diabetic meal for example (Air Mauritius, 2013). On its official website, the company describes the various types of meals that it can offer to its passengers. Some of these are the vegan meals, vegetarian meals, kosher meals, low-fat meals, child meals, baby meals and much more. This is quite an interesting strategy to satisfy customers and make them feel that they are well taken care of at Air Mauritius. Furthermore, the on-board entertainment includes popular Hollywood and Bollywood movies and documentaries to watch. There are various types of music to listen to and there are also some games for avid gamers or children. There exist two classes of travel with Air Mauritius; the Economy class and the Business class. In the economy class, the company boasts to have large passenger space with a 79cm pitch which provides a comfortable and relaxing flight experience (Air Mauritius, 2013). It is not an important factor which customers are concerned about but it is good to know that the economy class has a seating configuration of 2-4-2 layout with two final rows of 2-3-2 for a total of 265 economy seats (The Sydney Morning Herald, 2010). This setting is mainly for the Airbus A340E and of course there are certain various depending on the model of the aircraft. Seating arrangements in the business class have recently been upgraded with new lie-flat seats on the Airbus A340 and A330 (Air Mauritius, 2013). These seats provide the passengers with some privacy and better comfort than the previous ones. They are large enough to accommodate any type of person. Its functions are well in grasp of the passenger thank s to a remote control. The lie-flat seats also come with a massage option. Air Mauritius offers different flight check-in options for its customers. One may check in online on their official website and at the Sir Seewosagur International Airport or at various other airports like the Paris Charles de Gaulle, London Heathrow, Beijing Capital International Airport and much more. They also have a premium check-in reserved for business class passengers available at every airport. On its website, the company offers adequate accurate information about the check-in process and offers even FAQs to help out lost customers. These customers will also get help from Air Mauritius staff either at the head office found in Port Louis or at the SSR International Airport whenever they feel the need to. The Amà ©dà ©e Maingard Lounge is the principal lounge of Air Mauritius at the airport terminal. The lounge offers assistance from staff, books magazines, TV, business centre with computers, WIFI, children’s play area, and a bar buffet area offering a wide array of food and beverages. Surely, all these come at a price. Business class passengers and Kestrelflyer Elite members have free access to the lounge. However an economic class passenger may get access as well depending on availability and at some prices. Normally an adult will pay MUR 2000, MUR 1000 for a child and free access for an infant (Air Mauritius, 2013). But these tariffs are subject to change anytime. Recently, the SSR International Airport underwent major upgrades and introduced its new terminal which came into operation on 12 September 2013. The new terminal consists of three levels where the ground level where domestic arrivals and departures are taken care of. Then, level 1, where the Air Mauritius Lounge is situation alongside check-in counters and finally level 2, where international arrivals are taken care of. The Air Mauritius has been waiting for this upgrade eagerly and expects to increase customer satisfaction through a newer servicescape (Air Mauritius, 2013). With all these said, Air Mauritius expects to increase its number of customers while retaining the current ones and start making more profit again, in the years to come. One of the biggest advantages of travelling with Air Mauritius is that the company holds a perfect flight safety record and is the safest company to fly with in the Indian Ocean (World Travel Awards, 2013). This perfect record contributed into our flag carrier winning the Indian Ocean’s Leading Airline Award for 9 consecutive years. The record suggests that an Air Mauritius plane never crashed or killed anyone on-board due to safety issues. However, some planes experienced some technical faults whether in flight or on ground which also lead to delays in departure or arrivals. Just recently, in October 2013, the MK 034 flight had some major technical issues when leaving Plaisance for Paris. Only ten minutes after taking off, one of the engines blew out and caught fire mid-air causing the plane to lose speed and altitude. The pilot informed the passengers about the incident and decided to drop fuel at sea in order to be able to land back at the SSR International Airport. The pro cess took hours but MK 034 landed safely with panicked passengers. The plane was then grounded for repairs and replaced by another one to get the passengers to destination, Paris. It all occurred between 22h50 and 02h22 which caused a huge delay and a series of other flight delays the coming days because of a grounded aircraft (L’express.mu, 2013). These technical issues occur with almost every airline company in the world. The positive point for Air Mauritius here is that the pilot was able to get the passengers back on land safely. 1.1 Problem Statement Air Mauritius holds a strong leading position in Africa among the competition, however many airlines have surpassed the company, globally speaking (Prayag, 2007). Nowadays, we have companies like the Emirates, Air France, British Airways, Etihad Airways, Air Seychelles, Condor, Thomas Cook and Lufthansa who have become great examples of successful airlines which are currently in direct competition with Air Mauritius (Business Excellence, 2013). They started small-time somewhere, just like the Air Mauritius but are now leaders of the skies ahead of our flag carrier. However, the company is going to show that it is still a competitor to look out for among its competitors since Air Mauritius is planning to increase flight frequencies of certain destinations like Johannesburg and Beijing which will help reinforcing their connectivity across the globe. Since Europe has been affected by the economic crisis lately, the numbers of tourist’s arrivals have largely decreased. This is why the government of Mauritius has decided to re-orient the tourism industry towards a new market in order to increase demand. That new market is no other than Asia, targeting most precisely India and China. Thanks to this change, we can now clearly see why the Air Mauritius has increased flight frequencies towards these destinations and is constantly bombarding the general population with promotional packages to Beijing, Hong Kong or Mumbai. The â€Å"limited sky policy† and â€Å"no charter flights† helped boosting sales of the company in the past but recently in order to increase tourist arrivals and due to stiff competition, the local government is considering an â€Å"open sky policy† for a better future of the economy of the island (Prayag, 2007). This is being implemented because the government aims to boost touristâ€℠¢s arrivals and expects millions of tourist arrivals every year. If this proves to be a successful step, the main economic pillar of the island; the tourism industry, will prosper and eventually increase the revenue of the country. Having an excellent customer satisfaction is a great asset for an airline company as it will help with customer retention and the company will keep on achieving its primary goal; that is, making profit. But it seems that the Air Mauritius has not been able to satisfy all the customers lately. According to a reliable website that provides real customer reviews and much more information about airlines, Skytrax.com 2013, the service at Air Mauritius has worsened. Customers are complaining about poor food quality, rude on-board staff, uncomfortable seats, boring entertainment and the fact that the company is still using old aircraft with old technology while every other airline are investing on newer planes. These comments affect service quality and perception of customers in a negative way. Word of mouth may worsen the case and people will tend to think twice before buying a ticket at the Air Mauritius in the near future. Of course, whether they are true or not, these are just statement s and it is my duty to carry out this research in order to find out what is really happening about the service given to customers at the Air Mauritius. In today’s competitive airline environment, the on-board services of an airline are one of the aspects that customers lookout for before purchasing an airline ticket (Namukasa, 2013). Having poor inflight services will push these customers away from the airline company and they will tend to opt for another rival company. This is why the level of service quality must stay high at all times for an airline company or else it will not survive the stiff competition (Archana and Subha, 2012). There have been so many studies which examine the influence of airline service quality on passenger satisfaction and loyalty, for example, Archana and Subha (2012) in India, Huang (2009) in Taiwan and Munusamy et al. (2011) Malaysia but none for Mauritius, this is why this study is important. Aims and Objectives of the study The principal aim of this case study is to analyse how service quality has a major influence on passenger satisfaction and loyalty specifically at the Air Mauritius. This will be done by carrying out several in-depth data analysis and the collection of customer feedback as well. The study will help to identify areas where customer expectations are not being met at Air Mauritius and find recommendations to tackle these flaws. The specific objectives are: To understand the importance of Air Mauritius for the Mauritian economy. To examine the relationship between pre-flight service quality and passenger satisfaction together with passenger loyalty. To analyse the relationship between in-flight service quality and passenger satisfaction together with passenger loyalty. To assess the relationship between post-flight service quality and passenger satisfaction alongside passenger loyalty. To assess whether airline service quality has an impact on passenger satisfaction and loyalty and what are the positive and negative impacts, if any. To make recommendations, based on the results of the study. Outline of study Chapter 1 introduces the subject matter including the tourism industry, the airline industry and the airline company involved in this research. It also describes the economy of Mauritius and how dependant the island is on its flag carrier for the survival of the tourism industry which is the main source of income for the country. The aims and objectives of this researched are also given in this introductory chapter. Chapter 2 is the bulkiest of all and lays the foundations of this research with definitions, empirical studies and examples from other studies. It covers service quality in the tourism industry and in airline companies and describes the instrument used for this study. This chapter also defines the service quality in pre-flight, in-flight and post-flight services related to customer loyalty and satisfaction. Chapter 3 gives enough detail about the methodology used for this research and how the sample size, the questionnaire and the whole research was designed. Chapter 4 lays emphasis on the results of the survey carried out, together with appropriate discussions to interpret these results. This chapter makes good use of charts and tables to interpret the results of the study. Chapter 5 is the final chapter of this research and is all about the conclusions and recommendations of the study. It proposes different approaches that Air Mauritius might take in order to improve its services and attract more customers. This chapter also includes the recommendations made by the survey participants and also depicts the survey limitations and what can be done in future researches in order to tackle these limitations.

Inspector Goole in An Inspector Calls by J.B. Priestley :: Papers

Inspector Goole in An Inspector Calls by J.B. Priestley I will be answering the question "What is the importance of the inspector in J. B Preisley's 'An Inspector Calls'". I think the Inspector is the characters guilty conscience. To prove this I will go through every character and comment on how they react to the Inspector and I shall also comment on how the Inspector reacts to the Birlings and Gerald. Inspector Goole makes his entrance in the middle of the Birlings celebration, they are celebrating the engagement of Sheila (their daughter) to Gerald Croft son of sir George Croft of Crofts Limited. At the time the Inspector enters Mrs. Birling and Sheila have left the room so Mr. Birling, Gerald and Eric (his son) are left in the room. Mr. Birling is in the middle of a speech to Eric and Gerald: "a man has to make his own way-has to look after himself-and his family to". He is cut off when the maid Edna tells Mr. Birling that an Inspector is here to see him this might be a secret message by J.B Priestly (the writer of the play) saying that life shouldn't be like people shouldn't just look after their family and friends they should be caring to other people and during the evening the characters learn that lesson because if they had treated Eva Smith well she wouldn't have died. The Inspector first questions Mr. Birling, a proud man who is very old fashioned. The Inspector came down on them straight away saying: "a young girl has just committed suicide by drinking some disinfectant" . Mr. Birling doesn't take him seriously telling the Inspector that it is nothing to do with him even when the Inspector tells him that Eva Smith use to work for him. Mr. Birling still doesn't feel any remorse. The Inspector shows Birling a photograph of Eva Smith and, Birling can remember her now, then Gerald and Eric ask to see the photograph of the girl but in a quiet but firm tone the Inspector replies

Single Phase Transformer

Transformer BEE2123 ELECTRICAL MACHINES Mohd Rusllim Bin Mohamed Ext: 2080 A1-E10-C09 [email  protected] edu. my  © MRM 05 Learning Outcomes ? At the end of the lecture, student should to: ? Understand the principle and the nature of static machines of transformer. Perform an analysis on transformers which their principles are basic to the understanding of electrical machines. ?  © MRM 05 Introduction ? ? ? ? A transformer is a static machines. The word „transformer? comes form the word „transform?.Transformer is not an energy conversion device, but is a device that changes AC electrical power at one voltage level into AC electrical power at another voltage level through the action of magnetic field, without a change in frequency. It can be either to step-up or step down. Transmission System TX1 TX1 Generation Station 33/13. 5kV 13. 5/6. 6kV Distributions TX1 TX1  © MRM 05 6. 6kV/415V Consumer Transformer Construction ? Two types of iron-core construction: a) b) C ore – type construction Shell – type construction ? Core – type construction  © MRM 05 Transformer Construction ? Shell – type construction MRM 05 Ideal Transformer ? An ideal transformer is a transformer which has no loses, i. e. it? s winding has no ohmic resistance, no magnetic leakage, and therefore no I2 R and core loses. ? However, it is impossible to realize such a transformer in practice. ? Yet, the approximate characteristic of ideal transformer will be used in characterized the practical transformer. N1 : N2 I1 V1 E1 E2 I2 V2 V1 – Primary Voltage V2 – Secondary Voltage E1 – Primary induced Voltage E2 – secondary induced Voltage N1:N2 – Transformer ratio  © MRM 05 Transformer Equation ? Faraday? s Law states that, ?If the flux passes through a coil of wire, a voltage will be induced in the turns of wire. This voltage is directly proportional to the rate of change in the flux with respect of time. Vind ? Emf ind d? (t ) dt Lenz? s Law If we have N turns of wire, Vind ? Emf ind d? (t ) ? ?N dt  © MRM 05 Transformer Equation ? For an ac sources, ? Let V(t) = Vm sin? t i(t) = im sin? t Since the flux is a sinusoidal function; ?(t ) ? ? m sin ? t Then: Therefore: d? m sin ? t Vind ? Emf ind ? ? N dt ? ? N m cos ? t Thus: Vind ? Emfind (max) ? N m ? 2? fN? m N m 2? fN? m ? ? ? 4. 44 fN? m 2 2  © MRM 05 Emf ind ( rms) Transformer Equation For an ideal transformer E1 4. 44 fN1? m †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (i) ? In the equilibrium condition, both the input power will be equaled to the output power, and this condition is said to ideal condition of a transformer. E2 4. 44 fN 2? m Input power ? output power V1 I1 cos ? ? V2 I 2 cos ? ? V1 I 2 ? V2 I1 ? From the ideal transformer circuit, note that, E1 ? V1 and E2 ? V2 ? Hence, substitute in (i)  © MRM 05 Transformer Equation Therefore, E1 N1 I 2 ? ? ? a E2 N 2 I1 Where, „a? is the Voltage Transformation Ratio ; which will determine whether the transformer is going to be step-up or step-down For a >1 For a E2 E1 < E2  © MRM 05Step-down Step-up Transformer Rating ? Transformer rating is normally written in terms of Apparent Power. ? Apparent power is actually the product of its rated current and rated voltage. VA ? V1I1 ? V2 I 2 ? Where, ? I1 and I2 = rated current on primary and secondary winding. ? V1 and V2 = rated voltage on primary and secondary winding. ? Rated currents are actually the full load currents in transformer  © MRM 05 Example 1. 1. 5kVA single phase transformer has rated voltage of 144/240 V. Finds its full load current. Solution 1500 I1FL ? ? 10. 45 A 144 1500 I 2 FL ? ? 6A 240  © MRM 05 Example 2.A single phase transformer has 400 primary and 1000 secondary turns. The net cross-sectional area of the core is 60m2. If the primary winding is connected to a 50Hz supply at 520V, calculate: a) The induced voltage in the secondary winding b) The peak value of flux densit y in the core Solution N1=400 V1=520V A=60m2 N2=1000 V2=?  © MRM 05 Example 2 (Cont) a) Know that, N1 V1 a? ? N 2 V2 400 520 ? 1000 V2 V2 ? 1300V b) Emf, E ? 4. 44 fN ? m ? 4. 44 fN ? Bm ? A? known, E1 ? 520V , E2 ? 1300V E ? 4. 44 fN ? Bm ? A? 520 ? 4. 44(50)(400)( Bm )(60) Bm ? 0. 976 x10 ? 5Wb / m 2 (T )  © MRM 05 Example 3.A 25kVA transformer has 500 turns on the primary and 50 turns on the secondary winding. The primary is connected to 3000V, 50Hz supply. Find: Full load primary and secondary current b) The induced voltage in the secondary winding c) The maximum flux in the core Solution VA = 25kVA N1=500 V1=3000V N2=50 V2=? a)  © MRM 05 Example 3 (Cont) a) Know that, VA ? V ? I I1FL VA 25 ? 103 ? ? ? 8. 33 A V1 3000 b) Induced voltage, N1 I 2 a? ? N 2 I1 ? 8. 33 ? I 2 ? 500? ? ? 83. 3 A ? 50 ? I1 ? 8. 33 ? E2 ? E1 ? 3000? ? ? 300V I2 ? 83. 3 ? c) Max flux E ? 4. 44 fN ? 300 ? 4. 44(50)(50)? ? ? 27mWb  © MRM 05Practical Transformer (Equivalent Circuit) I1 R1 X1 Ic V1 RC Io I1 ’ Im Load Xm E1 E2 V2 N1: N2 I2 R2 X2 V1 = primary supply voltage V2 = 2nd terminal (load) voltage E1 = primary winding voltage E2 = 2nd winding voltage I1 = primary supply current I2 = 2nd winding current I1? = primary winding current Io = no load current Ic = core current Im = magnetism current R1= primary winding resistance R2= 2nd winding resistance X1= primary winding leakage reactance X2= 2nd winding leakage reactance Rc  © MRM 05= core resistance Xm= magnetism reactance Single Phase Transformer (Referred to Primary) ? Actual MethodI1 R1 X1 Ic Io I2 ’ Im Load RC Xm E1 E2 V2 R2’ X2’ N1: N2 I2 V1 ? N1 ? R2 ‘ ? ? ? N ? R2 ? ? 2? ? N1 ? X2'? ? ? N ? X2 ? ? 2? 2 2 OR R2 ‘ ? a R2 2 ?N ? ‘ E1 ? V2 ? ? 1 ? V2 ? N ? ? 2? I I2 ‘ ? 2 a  © MRM 05 OR V2 ‘ ? aV2 OR X 2 ‘ ? a2 X 2 Single Phase Transformer (Referred to Primary) ? Approximate Method I1 R1 X1 R2’ X2’ Ic V1 RC Io I2 ’ Im Load Xm E1 E2 N1: N2 I2 V2 ?N ? R2 ‘ ? ? 1 ? R2 ? N ? ? 2? ?N ? X2'? ? 1 ? X2 ? N ? ? 2? 2 2 OR R2 ‘ ? a R2 2 OR X 2 ‘ ? a2 X 2 ?N ? ‘ E1 ? V2 ? ? 1 ? V2 ? N ? ? 2? I I2 ‘ ? 2 a  © MRM 05 OR V2 ‘ ? aV2 Single Phase Transformer (Referred to Primary) ? Approximate Method I1 R01 X01V1 aV2 In some application, the excitation branch has a small current compared to load current, thus it may be neglected without causing serious error. ?N ? R2 ‘ ? ? 1 ? R2 ? N ? ? 2? ?N ? X2'? ? 1 ? X2 ? N ? ? 2? 2 2 OR R2 ‘ ? a R2 2 ?N ? ‘ V2 ? ? 1 ? V2 ? N ? ? 2? OR V2 ‘ ? aV2 OR X 2 ‘ ? a2 X 2 R01 ? R1 ? R2 ‘  © MRM 05 X 01 ? X 1 ? X 2 ‘ Single Phase Transformer (Referred to Secondary) ? Actual Method I1 ’ R1’ X1’ Ic Io I2 Im Xm’ R2 X2 V1 a RC’ V2 ?N ? R1 R1 ‘ ? ? 2 ? R1 OR R1 ‘ ? 2 ? N ? a ? 1? ?N ? X 1 ‘ ? ? 2 ? X 1 OR ? N ? ? 1? 2 2 ?N ? V V1 ‘ ? ? 2 ? V1 OR V1 ‘ ? 1 ? N ? a ? 1?  © MRM 05 X1' ? X1 a2Single Phase Transformer (Referred to Secondary) ? Approximate Method I1 ’ R02 X02 Neglect the excitation branch V1 a V2 R02 ? R1 ‘? R2 X 02 ? X 1 ‘? X 2 ?N ? R1 R1 ‘ ? ? 2 ? R1 OR R1 ‘ ? 2 ? N ? a ? 1? ?N ? X 1 ‘ ? ? 2 ? X 1 OR ? N ? ? 1? 2 2 ? N2 ? V ? ?V1 OR V1 ‘ ? 1 V1 ‘ ? ? N1 ? a ? ? I1 ‘ ? aI1  © MRM 05 X1' ? X1 a2 Example 4. For the parameters obtained from the test of 20kVA 2600/245 V single phase transformer, refer all the parameters to the high voltage side if all the parameters are obtained at lower voltage side side. Rc = 3. 3? , Xm =j1. 5? , R2 = 7. 5? , X2 = j12. 4? Solution Given Rc = 3. 3? , Xm =j1. 5? , R2 = 7. ? , X2 = j12. 4?  © MRM 05 Example 4 (Cont) i) Refer to H. V side (primary) E1 V1 2600 a? ? ? ? 10. 61 E2 V2 245 R2 ‘ ? a 2 R2 2 V2 ‘ ? aV2 To refer parameters to primary, Use R2? =(10. 61)2 (7. 5) = 844. 65? , X2? =j(10. 61)2 (12. 4) = 1. 396k? Rc? and X c? becoz parameters were read from secondary side Rc? =(10. 61)2 (3. 3) = 371. 6? , Xm? =j(10. 61)2 (1. 5) = j168. 9 ?  © MRM 05 2nd I I2 ‘ ? 2 X2'? a X2 a Example (What if.. ) 4. For the parameters obtained from the test of 20kVA 245/2600 V single phase transformer, refer all the parameters to the high voltage side if all the parameters are obtained at lower voltage side side.Rc = 3. 3? , Xm =j1. 5? , R2 = 7. 5? , X2 = j12. 4? Solution Given Rc = 3. 3? , Xm =j1. 5? , R2 = 7. 5? , X2 = j12. 4?  © MRM 05 Power Factor ? Power factor = angle between Current and Voltage, cos ? V I ? I ? = -ve Lagging ? V I V ? = +ve Leading ?=1 unity  © MRM 05 Example 5. A 10 kVA single phase transformer 2000/440V has primary resistance and reactance of 5. 5? and 12? respectively, while the resistance and reactance of secondary winding is 0. 2? and 0. 45 ? respectively. Calculate: i. ii. The parameter referred to high voltage side and draw the equivalent circuit The approximate value of seco ndary voltage at full load of 0. lagging power factor, when primary supply is 2000V.  © MRM 05 Example 5 (Cont) Solution R1=5. 5 ? , X1=j12 ? R2=0. 2 ? , X2=j0. 45 ? i) Refer to H. V side (primary) E V 2000 a? 1 ? 1 ? ? 4. 55 E2 V2 440 I1 R01 9. 64 V1 X01 21. 32 aV2 R2? =(4. 55)2 (0. 2) = 4. 14? , X2? =j(4. 55)20. 45 = j9. 32 ? Therefore, R01=R1+R2? =5. 5 + 4. 13 = 9. 64 ?  © MRM X01=X1+X2? =j12 + j9. 32 = j21. 3205? Example 5 (Cont) Solution ii) Secondary voltage p. f = 0. 8 Cos ? = 0. 8 ? =36. 87o 10 ? 103VA Full load, I FL ? ? 5A 2000V From eqn. cct, 1 V1? 0o ? ( R01 ? jX 01)( I1? ? ? o ) ? aV2 2000? 0o ? (9. 64 ? j 21. 32)(5? ? 36. 87 o ) ? (4. 5)V2 V2 ? 422. 6? 0. 8o  © MRM 05 Transformer Losses ? i. ii. Generally, there are two types of losses; Iron losses :- occur in core parameters Copper losses :- occur in winding resistance i. Iron Losses Piron ? Pc ? ( I c) 2 Rc ? Popen circuit ii. Copper Losses Pcopper ? Pcu ? ( I 1) 2 R1 ? ( I 2) 2 R2 ? Pshort circuit or if referr ed , Pcu ? ( I 1) 2 R01 ? ( I 2) 2 R02  © MRM 05 Poc and Psc will be discusses later in transformer test Transformer Efficiency ? To check the performance of the device, by comparing the output with respect to the input. ? The higher the efficiency, the better the system. Efficiency ,? Output Power ? 100% Input Power Pout ? ?100% Pout ? Plosses ? V2 I 2 cos ? ?100% V2 I 2 cos ? ? Pc ? Pcu ? ( fullload) ? ?(load n ) ? VA cos ? ?100% VA cos ? ? Pc ? Pcu nVA cos ? ?100% 2 nVA cos ? ? Pc ? n Pcu Where, if ? load, hence n = ? , ? load, n= ? , 90% of full load, n =0. 9 Where Pcu = Psc Pc = Poc  © MRM 05 nmax ? ? Poc VArated ? P ? ? sc ? ? ? VArated ? ? ? ? Pc VArated ? P ? ? cu ? ?VArated ? ? ? Voltage Regulation ? The measure of how well a power transformer maintains constant secondary voltage over a range of load currents is called the transformer's voltage regulation ?The purpose of voltage regulation is basically to determine the percentage of voltage drop between no lo ad and full load.  © MRM 05 Voltage Regulation ? For calculation of Voltage Regulation, terminologies may be quite confusing, hence you need always think in current, I (A) point of view â€Å"Full-load† means the point at which the transformer ? is operating at maximum permissible secondary current ? When connected to load, current being drawn, hence Voltage drop) ? ? No Load means at Rated At no load, current almost zero, so takes Voltage at rated  © MRM 05 value – think like an open circuit) Voltage Regulation Voltage Regulation can be determine based on 3 methods: a) b) c) Basic Definition Short – circuit Test Equivalent Circuit  © MRM 05 Voltage Regulation (Basic Defination) ? In this method, all parameter are being referred to primary or secondary side. ? Can be represented in either ? Down – voltage Regulation Note that: VNL ? VFL V . R ? ?100% VNL (at Rated Value) VNL ? Up – Voltage Regulation VNL ? VFL V . R ? ?100% VFL  © MRM 05 Vo ltage Regulation (Short – circuit Test) ? In this method, direct formula can be used. V . R ? V . R ? Vsc cos sc ? ? p. f ? V1 ?100% If s/c test on primary side Vsc cos c ? ? p. f ? V2 ?100% If s/c test on primary side Note that: „–? is for Lagging power factor „+? is for Leading power factor Must check that Isc must equal to IFL (I at Rated), otherwise  © MRM 05 can? t use this formula Voltage Regulation (Equivalent Circuit ) ? In this method, the parameters must be referred to primary or secondary V . R ? I1 R01 cos ? p. f ? X 01 sin ? p. f V1 I 2 R02 cos ? p. f ? X 02 sin ? p. f V2 ? 100% 100% If referred to primary side V . R ? ? If referred to secondary side Note that: „+? is for Lagging power factor „–? is for Leading power factor  © MRM 05 assume j terms ~0Comment on VR ? Purely Resistive Load ? > 3 % is considered poor VR Normally poor than Resistive Load ? Inductive Load ? ? Example of application Desired Poor VR ? ? Disc harge lighting AC arc welders  © MRM 05 Example 6. In example 5, determine the Voltage regulation by using down – voltage regulation and equivalent circuit. Question 5 A 10 kVA single phase transformer 2000/440V and V1? 0o ? ( R01 ? jX 01)( I1? ? ? o ) ? aV2 2000? 0o ? (9. 64 ? j 21. 32)(5? ? 36. 87 o ) ? (4. 55)V2 V2 ? 422. 6? 0. 8o  © MRM 05 Example Solution Down – voltage Regulation Know that, V2FL=422. 6V V2NL=440V Therefore, V .R ? VNL ? VFL ? 100% VNL 440 ? 422. 6 ? ?100% 440 ? 3. 95%  © MRM 05 Example 6 (Cont) Equivalent Circuit I1=5A R01=9. 64? X01 = 21. 32? V1=2000V, 0. 8 lagging p. f V . R ? I1 R01 cos ? p. f ? X 01 sin ? p. f V1 ? 100% 5 ? 9. 64(0. 8) ? 21. 32(0. 6)? ? ? 100% 2000 ? 5. 12%  © MRM 05 Example A short circuit test was performed at the secondary side of 10kVA, 240/100V transformer. Determine the voltage regulation at 0. 8 lagging power factor if Vsc =18V Isc =100 Psc=240W Solution Check: 7. I FL2 I FL2 VA 10000 ? ? ? 100 A V 100 ? I sc , Hence, we can use short-circuit method V . R ? Vsc cos sc ? ? p. ? V2  © MRM 05 ?100% Example 7 (Cont) V . R ? Vsc cos sc ? ? p. f ? V2 ? 100% Given p. f ? 0. 8 Hence, ? p. f ? cos ? 1 0. 8 ? 36. 87 o Know that , Psc ? Vsc I sc cos ? sc ? sc ? cos ? 1 ? ? ? Psc ? ? ? ? Vsc I sc ? 18 cos 82. 34o ? 36. 87 o V . R ? ?100% 100  © MRM 05 ? 12. 62% ? ? 240 ? ? ? 82. 34 o ? cos ? 1 ? ? (18)(100) ? ? ? ? Example 8. The following data were obtained in test on 20kVA 2400/240V, 60Hz transformer. Vsc =72V Isc =8. 33A Psc=268W Poc=170W The measuring instrument are connected in the primary side for short circuit test. Determine the voltage regulation for 0. 8 lagging p. f. use all 3 methods), full load efficiency and half load efficiency.  © MRM 05 Example 8 (Cont) V . R ? Vsc cos sc ? ? p. f ? V2 ? 100% Given p. f ? 0. 8 Hence, ? p. f ? cos ?1 0. 8 ? 36. 87 o Know that , Psc ? Vsc I sc cos ? sc ? Psc ? ? sc ? cos ? ?V I ? ? ? sc sc ? ? 268 ? ? ? 63. 4o ? cos ? 1 ? ? (72)(8. 33) ? ? ? ?1 Z sc ? Vsc 72 ? ? 8. 64? I sc 8. 33 ? Z sc ? 8. 64? 63. 4o ? 3. 86 ? j 7. 72 ? R01 ? jX 01 because connected to primary side.  © MRM 05 Example 8 (Cont) 1. Short Circuit method , V . R ? Vsc cos sc ? ? p. f ? V1 ? 100% 72 cos 63. 4o ? 36. 87 o V . R ? ?100% ? 2. 68% 2400 ? ? 2. Equivalent circuit , V .R ? I1 R01 cos ? p. f ? X 01 sin ? p. f V1 ? ? ? 100% 20000 ? 3. 86(0. 8) ? 7. 72(0. 6)? 2400 ? 100% ? 2. 68% 2400  © MRM 05 Example 8 (Cont) 3. Basic Defination , V1 ? I1Z 01 ? aV2 ? 20000 ? 2400 ? o? o 2400? 0 ? ? ? ? 36. 87 ? 8. 64? 63. 4 ? ? ? V2 ? 2400 ? ? 240 ? V2 ? 233. 58? 0. 79 o V o ? ? VNL ? VFL V . R ? ?100% VNL ? 240 ? 233. 58 ? 100% 240 ? 2. 68%  © MRM 05 Example 8 (Cont) ?( full load) (1)(20000)(0. 8) ? ?100% ? 97. 34% 2 (1)(20000)(0. 8) ? 170 ? (1) (268) (0. 5)(20000)(0. 8) ? ?100% ? 97. 12% 2 (0. 5)(20000)(0. 8) ? 170 ? (0. 5) (268) ?( half load)  © MRM 05 Measurement on Transformer ? i. ii.There are two test conducted on transformer. Open Circuit Test Shor t Circuit test ? ? ? The test is conducted to determine the parameter of the transformer. Open circuit test is conducted to determine magnetism parameter, Rc and Xm. Short circuit test is conducted to determine the copper parameter depending where the test is performed. If performed at primary, hence the parameters are R01 and ©X0105and vice-versa. MRM Open-Circuit Test ? ? Voc Ic Measurement are at low voltage side Poc ? Voc I oc cos ? oc From a given test parameters, ? ?1 ? P oc Voc ? oc ? cos ? Voc ? V I ? ? ? oc oc ? I sin? Im Ic oc oc Ioc RcXm ?oc Ioccos? oc Hence, I c ? I oc cos ? oc ? Im I m ? I oc sin ? oc Then, Rc and X m , Voc Voc Rc ? , Xm ? Ic Im Note: If the question asked parameters referred to high voltage side, the parameters (Rc and Xm) obtained need to be referred to high voltage side  © MRM 05 Short-Circuit Test ? ? Measurement are at high voltage side If the given test parameters are taken on primary side, R01 and X01 will be obtained. Or else, viceversa. R01 X01 Psc ? Vsc I sc cos ? sc ? Psc ? ? sc ? cos ? ?V I ? ? ? sc sc ? Hence, Vsc Z 01 ? sc I sc ? 1  © MRM 05 For a case referred to Primary side Z 01 ? R01 ? jX 01 Example 9.Given the test on 500kVA 2300/208V are as follows: Poc = 3800W Psc = 6200W Voc = 208V Vsc = 95V Ioc = 52. 5A Isc = 217. 4A Determine the transformer parameters and draw equivalent circuit referred to high voltage side. Also calculate appropriate value of V2 at full load, the full load efficiency, half load efficiency and voltage regulation, when power factor is 0. 866 lagging.  © MRM 05 [1392? , 517. 2? , 0. 13? , 0. 44? , 202V, 97. 74%, 97. 59%, 3. 04%] Example 9 (Cont) From Open Circuit Test, Poc ? Voc I oc cos ? oc ? 3800 ? ? ? 69. 6o ? oc ? cos ? ? (52. 5)(208) ? ? ? I c ? I oc cos ? oc ? 1 Voc Ic Iocsin? oc IocIoccos? oc ? 52. 5 cos 69. 6o ? 18. 26 A I m ? I oc sin ? oc ? 52. 5 sin 69. 6o ? 49. 2 A ?oc Im ?  © MRM 05 Example 9 (Cont) Since Voc=208V i. e. low voltage side ? all reading are taken on th e secondary side (low voltage side) Voc 208 Rc ? ? ? 11. 39? I c 18. 26 Voc 208 Xm ? ? ? 4. 23? I m 49. 21 Parameters referred to high voltage side, ? E1 ? ? 2300 ? Rc ‘ ? Rc ? ? ? 11. 39? ? ? 1392? ?E ? ? 208 ? ? 2? 2 2 ? E1 ? ? 2300 ? ? ? ? 4. 23? Xm'? Xm? ? ? 517 ? MRM 05 . 21?  © ? 208 ? ? E2 ? 2 2 Example 9 (Cont) From Short Circuit Test, First, check the Isc I FL1 VA 500 ? 103 ? ? ? 217. 4 A V1 2300 Since IFL1 =Isc , ? ll reading are actually taken on the primary side Psc ? Vsc I sc cos ? sc ? 6200 ? ? ? 72. 53o ? sc ? cos ? ? (95)(217. 4) ? ? ? ?1 ?V ? Z 01 ? ? sc sc ? I ? ? sc ? ? 95 ? o o 72. 53 ? 0. 44? 72. 53 ? 217. 4 ?  © MRM 05 ? 0. 13 ? j 0. 42? Example 9 (Cont) Equivalent circuit referred to high voltage side, R01 0. 13? X01 0. 42? V1 Rc 1392? Xm 517. 21? V2? =aV2  © MRM 05 Example 9 (Cont) For V2 at full load, neglect the magnetism parameters, R01 0. 13? X01 0. 42? v1 v2? pf ? cos ? ? 0. 866 ? ? cos ? 1 0. 866 ? 30o  © MRM 05 Example 9 (Cont) Efficie ncy,? ? ? VA cos ? ? FL ? ? ? ?100% ? VA cos ? ? Psc ? Poc ? ? ? 500 ? 103 )(0. 866) ? ? 100% (500 ? 103 )(0. 866) ? 6200 ? 3800 ? ? ? 97. 74% ? ? nVA cos ? ?1 L ? ? ? ? 100% 2 nVA cos ? ? n 2 Psc ? Poc ? ? ? ? (0. 5)(500 ? 103 )(0. 866) ? ? 100% 3 2 ? (0. 5)(500 ? 10 )(0. 866) ? (6200)(0. 5) ? 3800 ? ? 97. 59%  © MRM 05 Example 9 (Cont) Voltage Regulation, ?Vsc cos ? sc ? ? pf ? V . R ? ? ? ?100% E1 ? ? ? (95) cos? 72. 53 ? 30 ? ? 100% 2300 ? ? ? 3. 04% ? ?  © MRM 05 Test Yourself on Final Exam Q ? Following are the test result of a 12 kV A, 415 V / 240 V, 50 Hz, two winding single phase transformer: Open circuit test (reading taken on low voltage side) 240 V 4. 2 A 80 WShort circuit test (reading taken on high voltage side) 9. 8 V ? Determine: i. 28. 9 A 185 W The values of Rp. Rs. Xp, Xs, Xm and Rc, assuming an approximate equivalent circuit. ii. The efficiency of the transformer at full load and 0. 8 lagging power factor. iii. The voltage regulation at full load and 0. 8 lagging power factor.  © MRM 05 Solution i. Solution ? ? ? ? Eff = 97. 3 % ? V. R = 2. 31 % Z = 57. 14 ? Rc = 714. 3 ? Xm = 57. 31 a = 1. 73 R1 = 0. 11 ? R2 = 0. 037 ? X1 = 0. 13 ? X2 = 0. 043 ? ? Refer to Primary, ? ? ? ? ?  © MRM 05 Any Questions Test 1 – coming soon Make sure you prepared for that†¦  © MRM 05